b747c353b7
Many small improvements, several typos fixed, and flow refactoring, including: - Introduction: update references - Basic Concepts I: average computation reference, improved catastrofic cancellation, added compensation algorithms, added C++ standards compatibility note, moving implicit promotion, reorganized floating-point section - Basic III: parenthesis and brackets, better description for alignment in sizeof
241 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
241 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
# Modern C++ Programming
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<img src="other/cpp_logo.png" />
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## C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / (C++20)
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This *open-access* course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming towards a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts.
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**Key features**:
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- *Free and frequently updated*
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- Include the *last language standard* concepts and features
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- *Practical teaching*: small structured descriptions associated to code
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- *Minimal code examples* for showing just a specific feature or issue without digressing
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- *Complementary language aspects*: tools, coding conventions, project organization, and code optimization
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- *Experience-based*: many aspects, examples, and problems come from real-world cases faced during my work as software engineer
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If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
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[](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming)
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## CHAPTERS
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| | TITLE | MAIN FOCUS |
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| ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **1** | **[Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)** | History of C/C++, Areas of Applications, Course introduction |
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| **2** | **[Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)** | Integral data types, floating-point, operators, and conversion |
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| **3** | **[Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)** | Enumerators, structures, control flow statements |
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| **4** | **[Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)** | Heap, Stack, pointers, references, const property, conversion operators |
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| **5** | **[Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)** | Functions, lambda expressions, preprocessing directives |
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| **6** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)** | Class hierarchy, constructor, destructor, class keywords |
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| **7** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)** | Polymorphism, operators overloading |
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| **8** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)** | Function template, type traits |
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| **9** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)** | Class template, SFINAE
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| **10** | **[Translation Units](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units.pdf)** | Dealing with multiple translation units and files, namespace |
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| **11** | **[Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Code_Convention.pdf)** | Project organization and main code conventions |
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| **12** | **[Ecosystem](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Ecosystem.pdf)** | Debugging, testing, building, documenting tools |
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| **13** | **[Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Utilities.pdf)** | Main `std` libraries |
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| **14** | **[Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)** | Containers, iterators, algorithms |
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| **15** | **[Advanced Topics](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Advanced_Topics.pdf)** | Move semantics, error handling, C++ idioms |
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| **16** | **[Optimization I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Optimization_I.pdf)** | Code optimizations, e.g. arithmetic, memory, etc. |
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| **17** | **[Optimization II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Optimization_II.pdf)** | Compiler optimizations, profiling and benchmarking tools |
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## TOPICS
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**[1. Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)**
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* **A Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages**
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* **Areas of Application and Popularity**
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* **C++ Philosophy**
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* **Books and References**
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* **The Course**
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**[2. Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)**
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* **Preparation**: What compiler should I use?, What editor/IDE compiler should I use?, How to compile?
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* **Hello World**: I/O Stream
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* **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, Pointer type and `nullptr`
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* **Conversion Rules**
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* **`auto` declaration**
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* **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement, Assignment, Compound , and comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>`
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* **Integral Data Types**: Fixed width integers and `size_t`, When use signed/unsigned integer? Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior
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* **Floating-point Types and Arithmetic**: Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (`NaN`), Summary, Properties
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* **Floating-point Issues**: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison
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**[3. Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)**
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* **Enumerators**
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* **`struct`, Bitfield, `union`
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* **Control Flow**: `if` Statement, `for` Loop, Range-base `for` loop, `switch`, `goto`
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**[4. Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
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* **Heap and Stack**: Stack Memory, `new`, `delete`, Memory Leak
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* **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Fixed-size array initialization, Structure initialization, Dynamic array initialization
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* **Pointers and References**: Pointer Operations, Address-of operator `&`, Reference
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* **`const`, `constexpr`, `consteval`, `constinit`**
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* **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type punning
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* `sizeof` Operator
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**[5. Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
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* **Declaration and Definition**
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* **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and Overloading, Default parameters, Attributes
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* **Function Objects and Lambda Expressions**: Function pointer, Function object (or Functor), Capture list, Other features, Capture list and classes
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* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Useful macro, Stringizing operator (`#`), `#pragma` and `#error`, Token-Pasting Operator (`##`), Variadic Macro
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**[6. C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
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* **C++ Classes**: RAII Idiom
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* **Class Hierarchy**: Access specifiers, Inheritance access specifiers
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* **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword
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* **Copy Constructor**
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* **Class Destructor**
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* **Defaulted Members** (`= default`)
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* **Class Keywords**: `this`, `static`, `const`, `mutable`, `using`, `friend`, `delete`
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**[7. C++ Object Oriented Programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
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* **Polymorphism**: `virtual` methods, Virtual table, `override` keyword, `final` keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface
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* **Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification**
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* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Subscript operator `[]`, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>` Function call operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator Notes
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* **C++ Special Objects**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy
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**[8. C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)**
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* **Function Template**: Overview, Template parameters, Template parameter - default value, Specialization, Overloading, `auto` deduction
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* **Compile-Time Utilities**: `static_assert`, `decltype` Keyword, `using` Keyword
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* **Type Traits**: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation, Type relation and transformation
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* **Template Parameters**: Overview, Special cases
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**[9. C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)**
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* **Class Template**: Class specialization, Class + Function - specialization, `friend` keyword, Dependent names, Template variable
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* **Template Meta-Programming**
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* **SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error**: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE, Class + Function SFINAE
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* **Variadic Template**: Folding Expression, Variadic Class Template
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**[10. Translation Units](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units.pdf)**
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* **Basic Concepts**: Translation unit, Local and global scope, Linkage
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* **Storage Class and Duration**: Storage duration, Storage class, `static` and `extern` keywords, Internal/External linkage examples, Linkage of `const` and `constexpr`, Static Initialization Order Fiasco
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* **Dealing with Multiple Translation Units**: One Definition Rule (ODR), `inline` functions/variables, Class in multiple translation units, Global variable issues
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* **Function Template**
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* **Class Template**
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* **ORD and Undefined Behavior**
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* **`#include` Issues**: Forward declaration, Include guard, Circular dependencies, Common linking errors
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* **Namespace**: Namespace functions vs. `static` methods, Namespace alias, Anonymous namespace, `inline` namespace
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* **How to Compile**: Compile strategies, Deal with libraries, Build static/dynamic libraries, Find dynamic library dependencies, Analyze object/executable symbols
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**[11. Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Code_Convention.pdf)**
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* **C++ Project Organization**: Project directories, Project files, `src/include` directories
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* **Coding Styles and Conventions**
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* **`#include`**
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* **Macro and Preprocessing**
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* **Namespace**
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* **Variables**
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* **Functions**
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* **Structs and Classes**
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* **Control Flow**
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* **Modern C++ Features**
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* **Maintainability**
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* **Naming and Formatting**
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* **Code Documentation**
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**[12. Ecosystem](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Ecosystem.pdf)**
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* **Debugging**: Assertion, Execution debugging (`gdb`)
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* **Memory Debugging**: `valgrind`, Stack protection
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* **Sanitizers**: Address sanitizer, Leak sanitizer, Memory sanitizers, Undefined behavior sanitizer
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* **Debugging Summary**
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* **Code Checking and Analysis**: Compiler warnings, Static analyzers
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* **Code Testing**: Unit test, Code coverage, Fuzz testing
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* **Code Quality**: `clang-tidy`
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* **CMake**: `cmake` and `ctest`
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* **Code Documentation**: `doxygen`
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* **Code Statistics**: Count lines of code, Cyclomatic complexity analyzer
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* **Other Tools**: Code formatting - `clang-format`, `Compiler Explorer`, Code transformation - `CppInsights`, Code autocompletion - `TabNine/Kite`, Local code search - `ripgrep`, Code search engine - `searchcode/grep.app`, Code exploration - `SourceTrail`, Code benchmarking - `Quick-Bench`, Font for Coding
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**[13. Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Utilities.pdf)**
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* **I/O Stream**: Manipulator, `ofstream/ifstream`
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* **Math Libraries**
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* **Strings**: `std::string`, Conversion from/to numeric balues, `std::string view`, `std::format`
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* **Random Number**: Basic Concepts, C++ `<random>`, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Quasi-random
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* **Time Measuring**: Wall-Clock time, User time, System time
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* **Std Template Classes**: `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::variant`, `std::optional`, `std::any`
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* **Filesystem Library**: Query methods, Modify methods
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**[14. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)**
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* **Containers and Iterators**
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* **Sequence Containers**: `std::array`, `std::vector`, `std::list`, `std::deque`, `std::forward_list`
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* **Associative Containers**: `std::set`, `std::map`, `std::multiset`
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* **Container Adaptors**: `std::stack`, `std::queue`, `std::priority_queue`
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* **View**: `std::span`
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* **Implement a Custom Iterator**: Semantic, Implement a simple Iterator
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* **Iterator Utility Methods**: `std::advance`, `std::next`, `std::prev`, `std::distance`, Range access methods, Iterator traits
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* **Algorithms Library**: `std::find_if`, `std::sort`, `std::accumulate`, `std::generate`, `std::remove_if`
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**[15. Advanced Topics](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Advanced_Topics.pdf)**
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* **Move Semantic**: `lvalues` and `rvalues` references, Move semantic, Compiler implicitly declared, `std::move`
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* **Universal Reference and Perfect Forwarding**: Universal reference, Reference collapsing rules, Perfect forwarding
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* **Value Categories**
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* **`&`, `&&` Overloading - Ref-qualifiers**
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* **Copy Elision and RVO**
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* **Type Deduction**: Pass by-reference, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-value
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* **`const` Correctness**
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* **Undefined Behavior**
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* **Error Handling**: C++ Exceptions, Defining custom exceptions, `noexcept` keyword, Memory allocation issues, Alternative error handling approaches
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* **C++ Idioms**: Rule of zero/three/five, Singleton, PIMPL, CRTP, Template Virtual Functions
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* **Smart pointers**: `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, `std::weak_ptr`
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* **Concurrency**: Thread Methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism
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**[16. Optimization I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Optimization_I.pdf)**
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* **General Concepts**: Asymptotic complexity, Optimization cycle, Ahmdal's Law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance Bounds, Arithmetic Intensity
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* **Basic Architecture Concepts**: Instruction-level parallelism, Little’s Law, Data-level parallelism, thread-level parallelism, RISC, CISC Instruction sets
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* **I/O Operations**: `printf`, Memory Mapped I/O, Speed up raw data loading
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* **Locality and Memory Access Patterns**: Memory hierarchy, Memory locality, Internal structure alignment, External structure alignment
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* **Arithmetic**: Data types, Operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a Range, Lookup Table
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* **Control Flow**: Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Branch hints, Recursion
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* **Functions**: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function optimizations, Function inlining, Pointers Aliasing
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* **C++ Objects**: C++ Objects Optimizations
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**[17. Optimization II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Optimization_II.pdf)**
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* **Compiler Optimizations**: About the compiler, Architecture flags, Optimization flags, Help the Compiler to produce better code, Profile guided optimization (PGO)
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* **Compiler Transformation Techniques**
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* **Libraries and Data Structures**: External libraries, Std library
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* **Profiling**: `gprof`, `uftrace`, `callgrind`, `cachegrind`, `perf` Linux profiler
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* **Performance Benchmarking**: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Program memory layout
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* **Parallel Computing**: Concurrency vs. Parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson’s Law, Parallel programming languages
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### Roadmap
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1. Complete C++20 topics
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2. Software Design Chapter
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3. Build Aspects Chapter (e.g. reducing build time)
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### Essential Tool
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Online compiler and execution: [CompilerExplorer](https://godbolt.org/)
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* for code execution: [Add new..] -> [execution only]
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### Reporting bugs and contributing
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If you find any typos, conceptual errors, or sections to improve, please report them by writing directly to me or by using the `issue` panel
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## Author
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`Federico Busato`
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- Nvidia Corporation [fbusato@nvidia.com](mailto:fbusato@nvidia.com)
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- Dept. of Computer Science, University of Verona, Italy [federico.busato@univr.it](mailto:federico.busato@univr.it)
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- Twitter: [twitter.com/fedebusato](https://twitter.com/fedebusato)
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- Linkedin: [www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/)
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