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31 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
7a1ca00837 solution to exercise 04_05 2024-07-13 17:39:46 +02:00
1789d43730 solution to exercise 04_04 2024-07-13 17:30:01 +02:00
604a5a20ae solution to exercise 04_03 2024-07-01 16:30:43 +02:00
0829174983 solution to exercise 04_02 2024-07-01 16:23:02 +02:00
ebe07acd1e solution to exercise 04_01 2024-07-01 16:15:42 +02:00
4a4fc2ea0d solution to exercise 03_12 2024-06-27 16:38:30 +02:00
91e6bf5ae4 solution to exercise 03_11 2024-06-27 16:29:31 +02:00
3f57819e4c solution to exercise 03_10 2024-06-27 16:24:32 +02:00
d54a1e160b solution to exercise 03_09 2024-06-27 16:16:19 +02:00
4913da035f solution to exercise 03_08 2024-06-27 16:08:42 +02:00
1f0823a6a4 solution to exercise 03_07 2024-06-23 18:22:03 +02:00
56075fa40e solution to exercise 03_06 2024-06-23 18:08:59 +02:00
852cd5f0b9 solution to exercise 03_05 2024-06-23 17:58:03 +02:00
1c16ac8c22 solution to exercise 03_04 2024-06-23 17:54:39 +02:00
d3b4c0d653 solution to exercise 03_03 2024-06-19 15:03:51 +02:00
8b78ea3a83 solution to exercise 03_02 2024-06-19 14:56:36 +02:00
0e5cdc6d10 solution to exercise 03_01 2024-06-19 14:46:00 +02:00
1d876eff10 solution to exercise 03_00 2024-06-19 14:41:41 +02:00
dfcb9736b2 solution to exercise 02_10 2024-06-17 11:31:06 +02:00
c1e7c3fadd solution to exercise 02_09 2024-06-17 11:22:25 +02:00
978a99b00d solution to exercise 02_08 2024-06-17 11:15:21 +02:00
34189d212e solution to exercise 02_07 2024-06-17 10:59:03 +02:00
9d1869fc9c solution to exercise 02_06 2024-06-17 10:53:22 +02:00
3e56cf1287 solution to exercise 02_05 2024-06-15 21:01:03 +02:00
f91cc0089a solution to exercise 02_04 2024-06-13 17:04:21 +02:00
211f23cea4 solution to exercise 02_03 2024-06-13 16:55:06 +02:00
1e516bf0a5 solution to exercise 02_02 2024-06-13 16:46:44 +02:00
03a0a77394 solution to exercise 02_01 2024-06-13 16:40:40 +02:00
bb27bfad41 solution to exercise 02_00 2024-06-13 16:33:07 +02:00
4d12facc2f solution to exercise 01 2024-06-12 17:12:56 +02:00
1251a6c1b1 solution to exercise 00 2024-06-12 17:06:43 +02:00
90 changed files with 545 additions and 1698 deletions

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@@ -7,10 +7,6 @@ on:
pull_request:
branches:
- main
workflow_dispatch:
schedule:
# First day of a month
- cron: '0 0 1 * *'
jobs:
build:
@@ -19,83 +15,16 @@ jobs:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
fetch-depth: 0
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
fetch-depth: 0
repository: mainmatter/core-sans-a-fonts
ssh-key: ${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}
path: core-sans-a-fonts
- name: Install Fonts
run: |
sudo cp -r core-sans-a-fonts/* /usr/local/share/fonts/
sudo fc-cache -f -v
fc-list | grep "Core Sans"
- uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
- name: Install exercise plugin
- name: Install plugin
run: cargo install --path helpers/mdbook-exercise-linker
- name: Install link shortener plugin
run: cargo install --path helpers/mdbook-link-shortener
- name: Install mdbook-pandoc, calibre, pdftk and related dependencies
run: |
cargo install mdbook-pandoc --locked --version 0.7.1
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y fonts-noto calibre pdftk
export PANDOC_VERSION=3.3
curl -LsSf https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/releases/download/${PANDOC_VERSION}/pandoc-${PANDOC_VERSION}-linux-amd64.tar.gz | tar zxf -
echo "$PWD/pandoc-${PANDOC_VERSION}/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
shell: bash
- name: Setup TeX Live
uses: teatimeguest/setup-texlive-action@v3
with:
packages:
scheme-basic
luatex
lualatex-math
luacolor
luatexbase
luaotfload
framed
unicode-math
xcolor
geometry
longtable
booktabs
array
lua-ul
etoolbox
fancyvrb
footnote
selnolig
natbib
csquotes
bookmark
xurl
amsmath
setspace
iftex
- name: Check `tlmgr` version
run: tlmgr --version
- uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
with:
tool: mdbook
- name: Build book
env:
LINK_SHORTENER_VERIFY: "true"
run: |
cd book
mdbook build
- name: Add cover and back to downloadable PDF
run: |
pdftk book/assets/cover.pdf book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf book/assets/back.pdf cat output book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust-with-cover.pdf
mv book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust-with-cover.pdf book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf
- name: Convert HTML to ePUB
run: |
cd book/book/pandoc/html
sed -i 's|<code>\\newpage</code>{=latex}||g' 100-exercises-to-learn-rust.html
ebook-convert 100-exercises-to-learn-rust.html 100-exercises-to-learn-rust.epub \
--embed-all-fonts \
--subset-embedded-fonts
- name: Link Checker
uses: lycheeverse/lychee-action@v1
with:
@@ -104,37 +33,24 @@ jobs:
--exclude-loopback
--require-https
--no-progress
book/book/html/
# Upload the HTML book as an artifact
book/book
# Upload the book as an artifact
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: book
# When you support multiple formats, the output directory changes
# to include the format in its path.
path: book/book/html
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: online-pdf
path: book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: paperback
path: book/book/pandoc/paperback/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: ePUB
path: book/book/pandoc/html/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.epub
is_fresh:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v3
- run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y jq
- run: |
./helpers/json2redirects.sh book/link2alias.json > site/_redirects
# Verify nothing has changed, meaning that the redirect file is up-to-date
- run: |
git diff --exit-code site/_redirects
path: book/book
# Commit and push all changed files.
# Must only affect files that are listed in "paths-ignore".
- name: Git commit build artifacts
# Only run on main branch push (e.g. pull request merge).
if: github.event_name == 'push'
run: |
git checkout -b deploy
git config --global user.name "Deployer"
git config --global user.email "username@users.noreply.github.com"
git add --force book/book
git commit -m "Render book"
git push --set-upstream --force-with-lease origin deploy
formatter:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest

463
Cargo.lock generated

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@@ -1,14 +1,6 @@
[workspace]
members = [
"exercises/*/*",
"helpers/common",
"helpers/mdbook-exercise-linker",
"helpers/mdbook-link-shortener",
"helpers/ticket_fields",
]
members = ["exercises/*/*", "helpers/common", "helpers/mdbook-exercise-linker", "helpers/ticket_fields"]
resolver = "2"
# This is needed to guarantee the expected behaviour on that specific exercise,
# regardless of the "global" setting for `overflow-checks` on the `dev` profile.
[profile.dev.package.copy]
overflow-checks = true
[profile.dev]
overflow-checks = false

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@@ -1,129 +1,12 @@
[book]
authors = ["Luca Palmieri"]
authors = ["Luca Palmieri (Mainmatter)"]
language = "en"
multilingual = false
src = "src"
title = "100 Exercises To Learn Rust"
[preprocessor.exercise-linker]
exercise_root_url = "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises"
[preprocessor.link-shortener]
base_url = "https://ruex.io"
renderers = ["pandoc"]
mapping = "link2alias.json"
verify = false
after = ["exercise-linker"]
[output.html]
git-repository-url = "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust"
[output.pandoc]
optional = true
hosted-html = "https://rust-exercises.com/100-exercises/"
[output.pandoc.code]
show-hidden-lines = true
[output.pandoc.profile.pdf] # options to pass to Pandoc (see https://pandoc.org/MANUAL.html)
output-file = "100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf"
to = "latex"
highlight-style = "./custom.theme"
# We use `lualatext` because, right now, it's the only engine
# that supports fallback fonts, which we need for emojis.
pdf-engine = "lualatex"
metadata-file = "metadata.yml"
[output.pandoc.profile.pdf.variables]
mainfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
mainfontoptions = [
"BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
"ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
"BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
]
sansfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
sansfontoptions = [
"BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
"ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
"BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
]
# You can get these fonts here: https://fonts.google.com/selection?query=noto+color+
monofont = "Noto Sans Mono"
mainfontfallback = ["Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf"]
sansfontfallback = ["Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf"]
monofontfallback = [
"Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf",
]
linkcolor = "Links"
urlcolor = "Links"
urlstyle = "rm"
documentclass = "book"
fontsize = "10pt"
geometry = "papersize={8in,10in},top=2cm,bottom=2cm,left=2.4cm,right=2.4cm"
header-includes = [
"\\definecolor{Links}{HTML}{6200EE}",
# Reduce font size of code blocks
"\\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{commandchars=\\\\\\{\\},fontsize=\\small}",
]
[output.pandoc.profile.paperback]
output-file = "100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf"
to = "latex"
highlight-style = "monochrome"
metadata-file = "metadata.yml"
# We use `lualatext` because, right now, it's the only engine
# that supports fallback fonts, which we need for emojis.
pdf-engine = "lualatex"
[output.pandoc.profile.paperback.variables]
mainfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
mainfontoptions = [
"BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
"ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
"BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
]
sansfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
sansfontoptions = [
"BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
"ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
"BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
]
# You can get these fonts here: https://fonts.google.com/selection?query=noto+color+
monofont = "Noto Sans Mono"
mainfontfallback = ["Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf"]
sansfontfallback = ["Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf"]
monofontfallback = [
"Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf",
]
linkcolor = "Links"
urlcolor = "Links"
urlstyle = "rm"
documentclass = "book"
fontsize = "10pt"
geometry = "papersize={8in,10in},top=2cm,bottom=2cm,left=2.8cm,right=2.5cm"
header-includes = [
"\\definecolor{Links}{HTML}{6200EE}",
# Reduce font size of code blocks
"\\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{commandchars=\\\\\\{\\},fontsize=\\small}",
]
links-as-notes = true
# We go through HTML, rather than directly to ePUB, since routing
# Pandoc's HTML through Calibre's ePUB converter gives us better results.
[output.pandoc.profile.html]
output-file = "100-exercises-to-learn-rust.html"
to = "html"
highlight-style = "monochrome"
embed-resources = true
standalone = true
metadata-file = "metadata.yml"
[output.pandoc.profile.html.variables]
# You can get these fonts here: https://fonts.google.com/selection?query=noto+color+
monofont = "Noto Sans Mono"
mainfontfallback = ["Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf"]
sansfontfallback = ["Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf"]
monofontfallback = [
"Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf",
]
urlstyle = "rm"
[preprocessor.exercise-linker]
exercise_root_url = "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises"

View File

@@ -1,211 +0,0 @@
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"background-color": "#343942",
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"text-styles": {
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"Annotation": {
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@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
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"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FusedIterator.html": "f4s",
"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html": "fxf",
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}

View File

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
title: "100 Exercises To Learn Rust"
subtitle: "A hands-on course by Mainmatter"
author: "Luca Palmieri"
keywords: ["Rust", "Programming"]

View File

@@ -32,11 +32,6 @@ a mentor to help you along the way should you get stuck. You can
also find solutions to all exercises in the
[`solutions` branch of the GitHub repository](https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/solutions).
## Formats
You can go through the course material [in the browser](https://rust-exercises.com/100-exercises/) or [download it as a PDF file](https://rust-exercises.com/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf), for offline reading.\
If you prefer to have the course material printed out, [buy a paperback copy on Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DJ14KQQG/).
## Structure
On the left side of the screen, you can see that the course is divided into sections.
@@ -51,7 +46,8 @@ Before starting the course, make sure to clone the repository to your local mach
# If you have an SSH key set up with GitHub
git clone git@github.com:mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.git
# Otherwise, use the HTTPS URL:
# https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.git
#
# git clone https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.git
```
We also recommend you work on a branch, so you can easily track your progress and pull

View File

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The function's body is enclosed in curly braces `{}`.
In previous exercise, you saw the `greeting` function:
```rust
// `fn` <function_name> ( <input params> ) -> <return_type> { <body> }
// `fn` <function_name> ( <input parameters> ) -> <return_type> { <body> }
fn greeting() -> &'static str {
// TODO: fix me 👇
"I'm ready to __!"

View File

@@ -72,8 +72,7 @@ error: literal out of range for `i8`
4 | let a = 255 as i8;
| ^^^
|
= note: the literal `255` does not fit into the type `i8`
whose range is `-128..=127`
= note: the literal `255` does not fit into the type `i8` whose range is `-128..=127`
= help: consider using the type `u8` instead
= note: `#[deny(overflowing_literals)]` on by default
```

View File

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ You can create an instance of a struct by specifying the values for each field:
// Syntax: <StructName> { <field_name>: <value>, ... }
let ticket = Ticket {
title: "Build a ticket system".into(),
description: "A Kanban board".into(),
description: "Create a system that can manage tickets across a Kanban board".into(),
status: "Open".into()
};
```
@@ -130,8 +130,7 @@ let default_config = Configuration::default();
You can use the function call syntax even for methods that take `self` as their first parameter:
```rust
// Function call syntax:
// <StructName>::<method_name>(<instance>, <parameters>)
// Function call syntax: <StructName>::<method_name>(<instance>, <parameters>)
let is_open = Ticket::is_open(ticket);
```

View File

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ You have to use a **path** pointing to the entity you want to access.
You can compose the path in various ways:
- starting from the root of the current crate, e.g. `crate::module_1::MyStruct`
- starting from the root of the current crate, e.g. `crate::module_1::module_2::MyStruct`
- starting from the parent module, e.g. `super::my_function`
- starting from the current module, e.g. `sub_module_1::MyStruct`
@@ -112,10 +112,3 @@ where each name comes from and potentially introducing name conflicts.\
Nonetheless, it can be useful in some cases, like when writing unit tests. You might have noticed
that most of our test modules start with a `use super::*;` statement to bring all the items from the parent module
(the one being tested) into scope.
## Visualizing the module tree
If you're struggling to picture the module tree of your project, you can try using
[`cargo-modules`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-modules) to visualize it!
Refer to their documentation for installation instructions and usage examples.

View File

@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ To enforce stricter rules, we must keep the fields private[^newtype].
We can then provide public methods to interact with a `Ticket` instance.
Those public methods will have the responsibility of upholding our invariants (e.g. a title must not be empty).
If at least one field is private it is no longer possible to create a `Ticket` instance directly using the struct
If all fields are private, it is no longer possible to create a `Ticket` instance directly using the struct
instantiation syntax:
```rust
// This won't work!
let ticket = Ticket {
title: "Build a ticket system".into(),
description: "A Kanban board".into(),
description: "Create a system that can manage tickets across a Kanban board".into(),
status: "Open".into()
};
```

View File

@@ -44,11 +44,9 @@ error[E0382]: use of moved value: `ticket`
| -------- `ticket` moved due to this method call
...
30 | println!("Your next task is: {}", ticket.title());
| ^^^^^^
| value used here after move
| ^^^^^^ value used here after move
|
note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`,
which moves `ticket`
note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`, which moves `ticket`
--> src/main.rs:12:23
|
12 | pub fn status(self) -> String {
@@ -97,8 +95,8 @@ Ownership can be transferred.
If you own a value, for example, you can transfer ownership to another variable:
```rust
let a = "hello, world".to_string(); // <- `a` is the owner of the String
let b = a; // <- `b` is now the owner of the String
let a = "hello, world".to_string(); // <--- `a` is the owner of the String
let b = a; // <--- `b` is now the owner of the String
```
Rust's ownership system is baked into the type system: each function has to declare in its signature
@@ -132,11 +130,9 @@ error[E0382]: use of moved value: `ticket`
| -------- `ticket` moved due to this method call
...
30 | println!("Your next task is: {}", ticket.title());
| ^^^^^^
| value used here after move
| ^^^^^^ value used here after move
|
note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`,
which moves `ticket`
note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`, which moves `ticket`
--> src/main.rs:12:23
|
12 | pub fn status(self) -> String {
@@ -203,10 +199,8 @@ fn main() {
active: true,
};
// `b` is a reference to the `version` field of `config`.
// The type of `b` is `&u32`, since it contains a reference to
// a `u32` value.
// We create a reference by borrowing `config.version`, using
// the `&` operator.
// The type of `b` is `&u32`, since it contains a reference to a `u32` value.
// We create a reference by borrowing `config.version`, using the `&` operator.
// Same symbol (`&`), different meaning depending on the context!
let b: &u32 = &config.version;
// ^ The type annotation is not necessary,

View File

@@ -50,11 +50,7 @@ It takes ownership of `self`, changes the title, and returns the modified `Ticke
This is how you'd use it:
```rust
let ticket = Ticket::new(
"Title".into(),
"Description".into(),
"To-Do".into()
);
let ticket = Ticket::new("Title".into(), "Description".into(), "To-Do".into());
let ticket = ticket.set_title("New title".into());
```
@@ -92,11 +88,7 @@ Nothing is returned.
You'd use it like this:
```rust
let mut ticket = Ticket::new(
"Title".into(),
"Description".into(),
"To-Do".into()
);
let mut ticket = Ticket::new("Title".into(), "Description".into(), "To-Do".into());
ticket.set_title("New title".into());
// Use the modified ticket

View File

@@ -18,25 +18,11 @@ the function's arguments, local variables and a few "bookkeeping" values.\
When the function returns, the stack frame is popped off the stack[^stack-overflow].
```text
+-----------------+
| frame for func1 |
+-----------------+
|
| func2 is
| called
v
+-----------------+
| frame for func2 |
+-----------------+
| frame for func1 |
+-----------------+
|
| func2
| returns
v
+-----------------+
| frame for func1 |
+-----------------+
+-----------------+
func2 | frame for func2 | func2
+-----------------+ is called +-----------------+ returns +-----------------+
| frame for func1 | -----------> | frame for func1 | ---------> | frame for func1 |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
```
From an operational point of view, stack allocation/de-allocation is **very fast**.\

View File

@@ -89,8 +89,7 @@ although a bit more cumbersome to read:
impl ::core::cmp::PartialEq for Ticket {
#[inline]
fn eq(&self, other: &Ticket) -> bool {
self.title == other.title
&& self.description == other.description
self.title == other.title && self.description == other.description
&& self.status == other.status
}
}

View File

@@ -94,13 +94,11 @@ fn print_if_even<T>(n: T) {
This code won't compile:
```text
error[E0599]: no method named `is_even` found for type parameter `T`
in the current scope
error[E0599]: no method named `is_even` found for type parameter `T` in the current scope
--> src/lib.rs:2:10
|
1 | fn print_if_even<T>(n: T) {
| - method `is_even` not found
| for this type parameter
| - method `is_even` not found for this type parameter
2 | if n.is_even() {
| ^^^^^^^ method not found in `T`
@@ -108,9 +106,7 @@ error[E0277]: `T` doesn't implement `Debug`
--> src/lib.rs:3:19
|
3 | println!("{n:?} is even");
| ^^^^^
| `T` cannot be formatted using `{:?}` because
| it doesn't implement `Debug`
| ^^^^^ `T` cannot be formatted using `{:?}` because it doesn't implement `Debug`
|
help: consider restricting type parameter `T`
|

View File

@@ -72,8 +72,7 @@ You can, for example, create a `&str` from a `String` like this:
```rust
let mut s = String::with_capacity(5);
s.push_str("Hello");
// Create a string slice reference from the `String`,
// skipping the first byte.
// Create a string slice reference from the `String`, skipping the first byte.
let slice: &str = &s[1..];
```

View File

@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ to the pointer: the length of the slice it points to. Going back to the example
```rust
let mut s = String::with_capacity(5);
s.push_str("Hello");
// Create a string slice reference from the `String`,
// skipping the first byte.
// Create a string slice reference from the `String`, skipping the first byte.
let slice: &str = &s[1..];
```

View File

@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
Let's go back to where our string journey started:
```rust
let ticket = Ticket::new(
"A title".into(),
"A description".into(),
"To-Do".into()
);
let ticket = Ticket::new("A title".into(), "A description".into(), "To-Do".into());
```
We now know enough to start unpacking what `.into()` is doing here.
@@ -18,11 +14,7 @@ This is the signature of the `new` method:
```rust
impl Ticket {
pub fn new(
title: String,
description: String,
status: String
) -> Self {
pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Self {
// [...]
}
}
@@ -116,7 +108,7 @@ let title = String::from("A title");
We've been primarily using `.into()`, though.\
If you check out the [implementors of `Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html#implementors)
you won't find `Into<String> for &str`. What's going on?
you won't find `Into<&str> for String`. What's going on?
`From` and `Into` are **dual traits**.\
In particular, `Into` is implemented for any type that implements `From` using a **blanket implementation**:

View File

@@ -44,8 +44,7 @@ impl Drop for MyType {
The compiler will complain with this error message:
```text
error[E0184]: the trait `Copy` cannot be implemented for this type;
the type has a destructor
error[E0184]: the trait `Copy` cannot be implemented for this type; the type has a destructor
--> src/lib.rs:2:17
|
2 | #[derive(Clone, Copy)]

View File

@@ -14,11 +14,7 @@ pub struct Ticket {
}
impl Ticket {
pub fn new(
title: String,
description: String,
status: String
) -> Self {
pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Self {
// [...]
}
}

View File

@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@ impl Ticket {
match &self.status {
Status::InProgress { assigned_to } => assigned_to,
Status::Done | Status::ToDo => {
panic!(
"Only `In-Progress` tickets can be \
assigned to someone"
)
panic!("Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone"),
}
}
}
@@ -36,9 +33,7 @@ impl Ticket {
if let Status::InProgress { assigned_to } = &self.status {
assigned_to
} else {
panic!(
"Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone"
);
panic!("Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone");
}
}
}
@@ -53,9 +48,7 @@ you can use the `let/else` construct:
impl Ticket {
pub fn assigned_to(&self) -> &str {
let Status::InProgress { assigned_to } = &self.status else {
panic!(
"Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone"
);
panic!("Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone");
};
assigned_to
}

View File

@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ Let's revisit the `Ticket::new` function from the previous exercise:
```rust
impl Ticket {
pub fn new(
title: String,
description: String,
status: Status
) -> Ticket {
pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: Status) -> Ticket {
if title.is_empty() {
panic!("Title cannot be empty");
}
@@ -74,9 +70,8 @@ Rust, with `Result`, forces you to **encode fallibility in the function's signat
If a function can fail (and you want the caller to have a shot at handling the error), it must return a `Result`.
```rust
// Just by looking at the signature, you know that this function
// can fail. You can also inspect `ParseIntError` to see what
// kind of failures to expect.
// Just by looking at the signature, you know that this function can fail.
// You can also inspect `ParseIntError` to see what kind of failures to expect.
fn parse_int(s: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
// ...
}

View File

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ fn parse_int(s: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
}
// This won't compile: we're not handling the error case.
// We must either use `match` or one of the combinators provided by
// `Result` to "unwrap" the success value or handle the error.
// We must either use `match` or one of the combinators provided by `Result`
// to "unwrap" the success value or handle the error.
let number = parse_int("42") + 2;
```

View File

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ that implements the `Error` trait.
pub trait Error: Debug + Display {}
```
You might recall the `:` syntax from [the `From` trait](../04_traits/09_from.md#supertrait--subtrait)—it's used to specify **supertraits**.
You might recall the `:` syntax from [the `Sized` trait](../04_traits/08_sized.md)—it's used to specify **supertraits**.
For `Error`, there are two supertraits: `Debug` and `Display`. If a type wants to implement `Error`, it must also
implement `Debug` and `Display`.

View File

@@ -46,3 +46,18 @@ You can override these defaults by explicitly declaring your targets in the `Car
[`cargo`'s documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#cargo-targets) for more details.
Keep in mind that while a package can contain multiple crates, it can only contain one library crate.
## Scaffolding a new package
You can use `cargo` to scaffold a new package:
```bash
cargo new my-binary
```
This will create a new folder, `my-binary`, containing a new Rust package with the same name and a single
binary crate inside. If you want to create a library crate instead, you can use the `--lib` flag:
```bash
cargo new my-library --lib
```

View File

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ store and retrieve tickets.
The task will give us an opportunity to explore new Rust concepts, such as:
- Stack-allocated arrays
- `Vec`, a growable array type
- `Vec`, a growable array type, and slices
- `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, for iterating over collections
- Slices (`&[T]`), to work with parts of a collection
- Lifetimes, to describe how long references are valid

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# Combinators
Iterators can do so much more than `for` loops!\
If you look at the documentation for the `Iterator` trait, you'll find a **vast** collection of
If you look at the documentation for the `Iterator` trait, you'll find a **vast** collections of
methods that you can leverage to transform, filter, and combine iterators in various ways.
Let's mention the most common ones:

View File

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ and why we might want to use them.
## What is a thread?
A **thread** is an execution context managed by the underlying operating system.\
Each thread has its own stack and instruction pointer.
Each thread has its own stack, instruction pointer, and program counter.
A single **process** can manage multiple threads.
These threads share the same memory space, which means they can access the same data.

View File

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ error[E0597]: `v` does not live long enough
...
15 | let right = &v[split_point..];
| ^ borrowed value does not live long enough
16 | let left_handle = spawn(move || left.iter().sum::<i32>());
| --------------------------------
argument requires that `v` is borrowed for `'static`
16 | let left_handle = thread::spawn(move || left.iter().sum::<i32>());
| ------------------------------------------------
argument requires that `v` is borrowed for `'static`
19 | }
| - `v` dropped here while still borrowed
```

View File

@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ run out and crash with an out-of-memory error.
fn oom_trigger() {
loop {
let v: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
v.leak();
Box::leak(v);
}
}
```
At the same time, memory leaked via `leak` method is not truly forgotten.\
At the same time, memory leaked via `Box::leak` is not truly forgotten.\
The operating system can map each memory region to the process responsible for it.
When the process exits, the operating system will reclaim that memory.

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
So far we've been using unbounded channels.\
You can send as many messages as you want, and the channel will grow to accommodate them.\
In a multi-producer single-consumer scenario, this can be problematic: if the producers
enqueue messages at a faster rate than the consumer can process them, the channel will
enqueues messages at a faster rate than the consumer can process them, the channel will
keep growing, potentially consuming all available memory.
Our recommendation is to **never** use an unbounded channel in a production system.\

View File

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ In the non-threaded version of the system, updates were fairly straightforward:
## Multithreaded updates
The same strategy won't work in the current multithreaded version. The borrow checker would
stop us: `SyncSender<&mut Ticket>` isn't `'static` because `&mut Ticket` doesn't satisfy the `'static` lifetime, therefore
they can't be captured by the closure that gets passed to `std::thread::spawn`.
The same strategy won't work in the current multi-threaded version,
because the mutable reference would have to be sent over a channel. The borrow checker would
stop us, because `&mut Ticket` doesn't satisfy the `'static` lifetime requirement of `SyncSender::send`.
There are a few ways to work around this limitation. We'll explore a few of them in the following exercises.

View File

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn main() {
let guard = lock.lock().unwrap();
spawn(move || {
receiver.recv().unwrap();
receiver.recv().unwrap();;
});
// Try to send the guard over the channel
@@ -111,23 +111,19 @@ fn main() {
The compiler is not happy with this code:
```text
error[E0277]: `MutexGuard<'_, i32>` cannot be sent between
threads safely
error[E0277]: `MutexGuard<'_, i32>` cannot be sent between threads safely
--> src/main.rs:10:7
|
10 | spawn(move || {
| _-----_^
| | |
| | required by a bound introduced by this call
11 | | receiver.recv().unwrap();
11 | | receiver.recv().unwrap();;
12 | | });
| |_^ `MutexGuard<'_, i32>` cannot be sent between threads safely
|
= help: the trait `Send` is not implemented for
`MutexGuard<'_, i32>`, which is required by
`{closure@src/main.rs:10:7: 10:14}: Send`
= note: required for `Receiver<MutexGuard<'_, i32>>`
to implement `Send`
= help: the trait `Send` is not implemented for `MutexGuard<'_, i32>`, which is required by `{closure@src/main.rs:10:7: 10:14}: Send`
= note: required for `std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<MutexGuard<'_, i32>>` to implement `Send`
note: required because it's used within this closure
```

View File

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ asynchronous programming in Rust.
The entrypoint of your executable, the `main` function, must be a synchronous function.
That's where you're supposed to set up and launch your chosen async runtime.
Most runtimes provide a macro to make this easier. For `tokio`, it's `tokio::main`:
Most runtimes provides a macro to make this easier. For `tokio`, it's `tokio::main`:
```rust
#[tokio::main]

View File

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub async fn work() {
### `std::thread::spawn` vs `tokio::spawn`
You can think of `tokio::spawn` as the asynchronous sibling of `std::thread::spawn`.
You can think of `tokio::spawn` as the asynchronous sibling of `std::spawn::thread`.
Notice a key difference: with `std::thread::spawn`, you're delegating control to the OS scheduler.
You're not in control of how threads are scheduled.

View File

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ across threads.
## Implications
`tokio::spawn` is flavor-agnostic: it'll work no matter if you're running on the multithreaded
or current-thread runtime. The downside is that the signature assumes the worst case
or current-thread runtime. The downside is that the signature assume the worst case
(i.e. multithreaded) and is constrained accordingly:
```rust

View File

@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@ The compiler will reject this code:
error: future cannot be sent between threads safely
|
5 | tokio::spawn(example());
| ^^^^^^^^^
| future returned by `example` is not `Send`
| ^^^^^^^^^ future returned by `example` is not `Send`
|
note: future is not `Send` as this value is used across an await
|
@@ -56,8 +55,7 @@ note: future is not `Send` as this value is used across an await
| -------- has type `Rc<i32>` which is not `Send`
12 | // A `.await` point
13 | yield_now().await;
| ^^^^^
| await occurs here, with `non_send` maybe used later
| ^^^^^ await occurs here, with `non_send` maybe used later
note: required by a bound in `tokio::spawn`
|
164 | pub fn spawn<F>(future: F) -> JoinHandle<F::Output>
@@ -86,10 +84,7 @@ trait Future {
type Output;
// Ignore `Pin` and `Context` for now
fn poll(
self: Pin<&mut Self>,
cx: &mut Context<'_>
) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
}
```

View File

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Yields to runtime
Tries to acquire lock
```
We have a deadlock. Task B will never manage to acquire the lock, because the lock
We have a deadlock. Task B we'll never manage to acquire the lock, because the lock
is currently held by task A, which has yielded to the runtime before releasing the
lock and won't be scheduled again because the runtime cannot preempt task B.

View File

@@ -105,5 +105,5 @@ async fn run() {
Check out [`select!`'s documentation](https://tokio.rs/tokio/tutorial/select) for more details.\
If you need to interleave two asynchronous streams of data (e.g. a socket and a channel), prefer using
[`StreamExt::merge`](https://docs.rs/tokio-stream/latest/tokio_stream/trait.StreamExt.html#method.merge) instead.
- A [`CancellationToken`](https://docs.rs/tokio-util/latest/tokio_util/sync/struct.CancellationToken.html) may be
preferable to `JoinHandle::abort` in some cases.
- Rather than "abrupt" cancellation, it can be preferable to rely
on [`CancellationToken`](https://docs.rs/tokio-util/latest/tokio_util/sync/struct.CancellationToken.html).

View File

@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ check out the [Embedded Rust book](https://docs.rust-embedded.org/book/).
You can then find resources on key topics that cut across domains.\
For testing, check out
["Advanced testing, going beyond the basics"](https://rust-exercises.com/advanced-testing/).\
For telemetry, check out ["You can't fix what you can't see"](https://rust-exercises.com/telemetry/).
["Advanced testing, going beyond the basics"](https://github.com/mainmatter/rust-advanced-testing-workshop).\
For telemetry, check out ["You can't fix what you can't see"](https://github.com/mainmatter/rust-telemetry-workshop).

View File

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
// You can also find solutions to all exercises in the `solutions` git branch.
fn greeting() -> &'static str {
// TODO: fix me 👇
"I'm ready to __!"
"I'm ready to learn Rust!"
}
// Your solutions will be automatically verified by a set of tests.

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
// partner in this course and it'll often guide you in the right direction!
//
// The input parameters should have the same type of the return type.
fn compute(a, b) -> u32 {
fn compute(a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 {
// Don't touch the function body.
a + b * 2
}
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ mod tests {
fn case() {
assert_eq!(compute(1, 2), 5);
}
}
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
fn intro() -> &'static str {
// TODO: fix me 👇
"I'm ready to __!"
"I'm ready to build a calculator in Rust!"
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
fn compute(a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 {
// TODO: change the line below to fix the compiler error and make the tests pass.
a + b * 4u8
a + b * 4u32
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
pub fn speed(start: u32, end: u32, time_elapsed: u32) -> u32 {
// TODO: define a variable named `distance` with the right value to get tests to pass
// Do you need to annotate the type of `distance`? Why or why not?
let distance: u32 = end - start;
// Don't change the line below
distance / time_elapsed
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/// Return `true` if `n` is even, `false` otherwise.
fn is_even(n: u32) -> bool {
todo!()
n % 2 == 0
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
/// calculate the average speed of the journey.
fn speed(start: u32, end: u32, time_elapsed: u32) -> u32 {
// TODO: Panic with a custom message if `time_elapsed` is 0
if time_elapsed == 0 {
panic!("The journey took no time at all, that's impossible!");
}
(end - start) / time_elapsed
}

View File

@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
// `factorial(2)` to return `2`, and so on.
//
// Use only what you learned! No loops yet, so you'll have to use recursion!
fn factorial(n: u16) -> u16 {
if n == 0 {
1
} else {
n * factorial(n - 1)
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {

View File

@@ -4,7 +4,13 @@ pub fn factorial(n: u32) -> u32 {
// interprets as "I'll get back to this later", thus
// suppressing type errors.
// It panics at runtime.
todo!()
let mut result: u32 = 1; // base case
let mut i: u32 = 1;
while i <= n {
result *= i;
i += 1;
}
result
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
// Rewrite the factorial function using a `for` loop.
pub fn factorial(n: u32) -> u32 {
todo!()
let mut result: u32 = 1; // base case
for i in 2..=n {
result *= i;
}
result
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
pub fn factorial(n: u32) -> u32 {
let mut result = 1;
let mut result: u32 = 1;
for i in 1..=n {
// Use saturating multiplication to stop at the maximum value of u32
// rather than overflowing and wrapping around
result *= i;
result = result.saturating_mul(i);
}
result
}

View File

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn u16_to_u32() {
let v: u32 = todo!();
let v: u32 = 47;
assert_eq!(47u16 as u32, v);
}
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ mod tests {
// You could solve this by using exactly the same expression as above,
// but that would defeat the purpose of the exercise. Instead, use a genuine
// `i8` value that is equivalent to `255` when converted from `u8`.
let y: i8 = todo!();
let y: i8 = -1;
assert_eq!(x, y);
}
#[test]
fn bool_to_u8() {
let v: u8 = todo!();
let v: u8 = 1;
assert_eq!(true as u8, v);
}
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
fn intro() -> &'static str {
// TODO: fix me 👇
"I'm ready to __!"
"I'm ready to start modelling a software ticket!"
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -4,6 +4,16 @@
//
// It should also have a method named `is_available` that returns a `true` if the quantity is
// greater than 0, otherwise `false`.
struct Order {
price: u8,
quantity: u8,
}
impl Order {
fn is_available(self) -> bool {
self.quantity > 0
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {

View File

@@ -12,13 +12,27 @@ impl Ticket {
// - the `title` should be at most 50 bytes long.
// - the `description` should be at most 500 bytes long.
// The method should panic if any of the requirements are not met.
// You can find the needed panic messages in the tests.
//
// You'll have to use what you learned in the previous exercises,
// as well as some `String` methods. Use the documentation of Rust's standard library
// to find the most appropriate options -> https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Self {
todo!();
if status != "To-Do" && status != "In Progress" && status != "Done" {
panic!("Only `To-Do`, `In Progress`, and `Done` statuses are allowed")
}
if title.is_empty() {
panic!("Title cannot be empty")
}
if description.is_empty() {
panic!("Description cannot be empty")
}
if title.len() > 50 {
panic!("Title cannot be longer than 50 bytes")
}
if description.len() > 500 {
panic!("Description cannot be longer than 500 bytes")
}
Self {
title,
description,

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
mod helpers {
// TODO: Make this code compile, either by adding a `use` statement or by using
// the appropriate path to refer to the `Ticket` struct.
use super::Ticket;
fn create_todo_ticket(title: String, description: String) -> Ticket {
Ticket::new(title, description, "To-Do".into())

View File

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
mod ticket {
struct Ticket {
pub struct Ticket {
title: String,
description: String,
status: String,
}
impl Ticket {
fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Ticket {
pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Ticket {
if title.is_empty() {
panic!("Title cannot be empty");
}
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ mod tests {
// You should be seeing this error when trying to run this exercise:
//
// error[E0616]: field `description` of struct `Ticket` is private
// error[E0616]: field `description` of struct `encapsulation::ticket::Ticket` is private
// |
// | assert_eq!(ticket.description, "A description");
// | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
//
// TODO: Once you have verified that the below does not compile,
// comment the line out to move on to the next exercise!
assert_eq!(ticket.description, "A description");
// assert_eq!(ticket.description, "A description");
}
fn encapsulation_cannot_be_violated() {
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ mod tests {
//
// TODO: Once you have verified that the below does not compile,
// comment the lines out to move on to the next exercise!
let ticket = Ticket {
title: "A title".into(),
description: "A description".into(),
status: "To-Do".into(),
};
// let ticket = Ticket {
// title: "A title".into(),
// description: "A description".into(),
// status: "To-Do".into(),
// };
}
}

View File

@@ -34,6 +34,17 @@ pub mod ticket {
// - `title` that returns the `title` field.
// - `description` that returns the `description` field.
// - `status` that returns the `status` field.
pub fn title(self) -> String {
self.title
}
pub fn description(self) -> String {
self.description
}
pub fn status(self) -> String {
self.status
}
}
}

View File

@@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ impl Ticket {
}
}
pub fn title(self) -> String {
self.title
pub fn title(&self) -> &String {
&self.title
}
pub fn description(self) -> String {
self.description
pub fn description(&self) -> &String {
&self.description
}
pub fn status(self) -> String {
self.status
pub fn status(&self) -> &String {
&self.status
}
}

View File

@@ -11,21 +11,9 @@ pub struct Ticket {
impl Ticket {
pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Ticket {
if title.is_empty() {
panic!("Title cannot be empty");
}
if title.len() > 50 {
panic!("Title cannot be longer than 50 bytes");
}
if description.is_empty() {
panic!("Description cannot be empty");
}
if description.len() > 500 {
panic!("Description cannot be longer than 500 bytes");
}
if status != "To-Do" && status != "In Progress" && status != "Done" {
panic!("Only `To-Do`, `In Progress`, and `Done` statuses are allowed");
}
validate_title(&title);
validate_description(&description);
validate_status(&status);
Ticket {
title,
@@ -45,6 +33,45 @@ impl Ticket {
pub fn status(&self) -> &String {
&self.status
}
pub fn set_title(&mut self, title: String) {
validate_title(&title);
self.title = title;
}
pub fn set_description(&mut self, description: String) {
validate_description(&description);
self.description = description;
}
pub fn set_status(&mut self, status: String) {
validate_status(&status);
self.status = status;
}
}
fn validate_title(title: &String) {
if title.is_empty() {
panic!("Title cannot be empty");
}
if title.len() > 50 {
panic!("Title cannot be longer than 50 bytes");
}
}
fn validate_description(description: &String) {
if description.is_empty() {
panic!("Description cannot be empty");
}
if description.len() > 500 {
panic!("Description cannot be longer than 500 bytes");
}
}
fn validate_status(status: &String) {
if status != "To-Do" && status != "In Progress" && status != "Done" {
panic!("Only `To-Do`, `In Progress`, and `Done` statuses are allowed");
}
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn u16_size() {
assert_eq!(size_of::<u16>(), todo!());
assert_eq!(size_of::<u16>(), 2);
}
#[test]
fn i32_size() {
assert_eq!(size_of::<i32>(), todo!());
assert_eq!(size_of::<i32>(), 4);
}
#[test]
fn bool_size() {
assert_eq!(size_of::<bool>(), todo!());
assert_eq!(size_of::<bool>(), 1);
}
}

View File

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn string_size() {
assert_eq!(size_of::<String>(), todo!());
assert_eq!(size_of::<String>(), 24);
}
#[test]
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ mod tests {
// This is a tricky question!
// The "intuitive" answer happens to be the correct answer this time,
// but, in general, the memory layout of structs is a more complex topic.
// If you're curious, check out the "Type layout" section of The Rust Reference
// https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html for more information.
assert_eq!(size_of::<Ticket>(), todo!());
// If you're curious, check out the "Data layout" section of the Rustonomicon
// https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/data.html for more information.
assert_eq!(size_of::<Ticket>(), 72);
}
}

View File

@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn u16_ref_size() {
assert_eq!(size_of::<&u16>(), todo!());
assert_eq!(size_of::<&u16>(), 8);
}
#[test]
fn u64_mut_ref_size() {
assert_eq!(size_of::<&mut u64>(), todo!());
assert_eq!(size_of::<&mut u64>(), 8);
}
#[test]
fn ticket_ref_size() {
assert_eq!(size_of::<&Ticket>(), todo!());
assert_eq!(size_of::<&Ticket>(), 8);
}
}

View File

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// We'll pick the concept up again in a later chapter after covering traits and
// interior mutability.
fn outro() -> &'static str {
"I have a basic understanding of __!"
"I have a basic understanding of destructors!"
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -11,3 +11,74 @@
// Integration here has a very specific meaning: they test **the public API** of your project.
// You'll need to pay attention to the visibility of your types and methods; integration
// tests can't access private or `pub(crate)` items.
pub struct Order {
product_name: String,
quantity: u32,
unit_price: u32,
}
impl Order {
pub fn new(product_name: String, quantity: u32, unit_price: u32) -> Order {
validate_product_name(&product_name);
validate_quantity(&quantity);
validate_unit_price(&unit_price);
Order {
product_name,
quantity,
unit_price,
}
}
pub fn product_name(&self) -> &String {
&self.product_name
}
pub fn quantity(&self) -> &u32 {
&self.quantity
}
pub fn unit_price(&self) -> &u32 {
&self.unit_price
}
pub fn set_product_name(&mut self, product_name: String) {
validate_product_name(&product_name);
self.product_name = product_name;
}
pub fn set_quantity(&mut self, quantity: u32) {
validate_quantity(&quantity);
self.quantity = quantity;
}
pub fn set_unit_price(&mut self, unit_price: u32) {
validate_unit_price(&unit_price);
self.unit_price = unit_price;
}
pub fn total(&self) -> u32 {
self.quantity * self.unit_price
}
}
fn validate_product_name(product_name: &String) {
if product_name.is_empty() {
panic!("Product name cannot be empty");
}
if product_name.len() > 300 {
panic!("Product name cannot be longer than 300 bytes");
}
}
fn validate_quantity(quantity: &u32) {
if quantity == &0 {
panic!("Quantity must be greater than zero");
}
}
fn validate_unit_price(unit_price: &u32) {
if unit_price == &0 {
panic!("Unit price must be greater than zero");
}
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
fn intro() -> &'static str {
// TODO: fix me 👇
"I'm ready to __!"
"I'm ready to learn about traits!"
}
#[cfg(test)]

View File

@@ -3,6 +3,22 @@
//
// Then implement the trait for `u32` and `i32`.
pub trait IsEven {
fn is_even(self) -> bool;
}
impl IsEven for u32 {
fn is_even(self) -> bool {
self % 2 == 0
}
}
impl IsEven for i32 {
fn is_even(self) -> bool {
self % 2 == 0
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;

View File

@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@
// a foreign type (`u32`, from `std`).
// Look at the compiler error to get familiar with what it looks like.
// Then delete the code below and move on to the next exercise.
impl PartialEq for u32 {
fn eq(&self, _other: &Self) -> bool {
todo!()
}
}

View File

@@ -8,7 +8,13 @@ struct Ticket {
// TODO: Implement the `PartialEq` trait for `Ticket`.
impl PartialEq for Ticket {}
impl PartialEq for Ticket {
fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
self.title == other.title
&& self.description == other.description
&& self.status == other.status
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {

View File

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
// print both sides of the comparison to the terminal.
// If the compared type doesn't implement `Debug`, it doesn't know how to represent them!
#[derive(PartialEq)]
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
struct Ticket {
title: String,
description: String,

View File

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
// collections (e.g. BTreeMap).
/// Return the minimum of two values.
pub fn min<T>(left: T, right: T) -> T {
pub fn min<T>(left: T, right: T) -> T
where
T: Ord,
{
if left <= right {
left
} else {

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ fn test_saturating_u16() {
let b: SaturatingU16 = 5u8.into();
let c: SaturatingU16 = u16::MAX.into();
let d: SaturatingU16 = (&1u16).into();
let e = &c;
assert_eq!(a + b, SaturatingU16::from(15u16));
assert_eq!(a + c, SaturatingU16::from(u16::MAX));
assert_eq!(a + d, SaturatingU16::from(11u16));
assert_eq!(a + a, 20u16);
assert_eq!(a + 5u16, 15u16);
assert_eq!(a + e, SaturatingU16::from(u16::MAX));
assert_eq!(a + &u16::MAX, SaturatingU16::from(u16::MAX));
}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
// TODO: Implement `TryFrom<String>` and `TryFrom<&str>` for the `TicketTitle` type,
// enforcing that the title is not empty and is not longer than 50 bytes.
// enforcing that the title is not empty and is not longer than 50 characters.
// Implement the traits required to make the tests pass too.
pub struct TicketTitle(String);

View File

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ mod tests {
}
#[test]
fn thirtieth() {
fn thirthieth() {
assert_eq!(fibonacci(30), 832040);
}
}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
// TODO: Define a function named `squared` that raises all `i32`s within a slice to the power of 2.
// The slice should be modified in place.
// TODO: Define a function named `lowercase` that converts all characters in a string to lowercase,
// modifying the input in place.
// Does it need to take a `&mut String`? Does a `&mut [str]` work? Why or why not?
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
@@ -7,22 +8,29 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn empty() {
let mut s = vec![];
squared(&mut s);
assert_eq!(s, vec![]);
let mut s = String::from("");
lowercase(&mut s);
assert_eq!(s, "");
}
#[test]
fn one() {
let mut s = [2];
squared(&mut s);
assert_eq!(s, [4]);
fn one_char() {
let mut s = String::from("A");
lowercase(&mut s);
assert_eq!(s, "a");
}
#[test]
fn multiple() {
let mut s = vec![2, 4];
squared(&mut s);
assert_eq!(s, vec![4, 16]);
fn multiple_chars() {
let mut s = String::from("Hello, World!");
lowercase(&mut s);
assert_eq!(s, "hello, world!");
}
#[test]
fn mut_slice() {
let mut s = "Hello, World!".to_string();
lowercase(s.as_mut_str());
assert_eq!(s, "hello, world!");
}
}

View File

@@ -99,11 +99,5 @@ mod tests {
let ticket = &store[id];
assert_eq!(ticket.status, Status::InProgress);
let ticket = &mut store[&id];
ticket.status = Status::Done;
let ticket = &store[id];
assert_eq!(ticket.status, Status::Done);
}
}

View File

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub enum Command {
Insert(todo!()),
}
// Start the system by spawning the server thread.
// Start the system by spawning the server the thread.
// It returns a `Sender` instance which can then be used
// by one or more clients to interact with the server.
pub fn launch() -> Sender<Command> {

View File

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ enum Command {
},
}
fn server(receiver: Receiver<Command>) {
pub fn server(receiver: Receiver<Command>) {
let mut store = TicketStore::new();
loop {
match receiver.recv() {

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
// TODO: Implement the `fixed_reply` function. It should accept two `TcpListener` instances,
// accept connections on both of them concurrently, and always reply to clients by sending
// accept connections on both of them concurrently, and always reply clients by sending
// the `Display` representation of the `reply` argument as a response.
use std::fmt::Display;
use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;

View File

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
#!/bin/bash
# Ensure the JSON file is provided as an argument
if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 <input_json_file>"
exit 1
fi
input_file=$1
# Use jq to parse the JSON and format the output
jq -r 'to_entries[] | "/" + .value + " " + .key' "$input_file"

View File

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use mdbook::book::Book;
use mdbook::preprocess::{Preprocessor, PreprocessorContext};
use mdbook::BookItem;
/// A no-op preprocessor.
pub struct ExerciseLinker;
impl ExerciseLinker {
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ impl Preprocessor for ExerciseLinker {
book.sections
.iter_mut()
.for_each(|i| process_book_item(i, &ctx.renderer, &root_url));
.for_each(|i| process_book_item(i, &root_url));
Ok(book)
}
@@ -41,11 +42,11 @@ impl Preprocessor for ExerciseLinker {
}
}
fn process_book_item(item: &mut BookItem, renderer: &str, root_url: &str) {
fn process_book_item(item: &mut BookItem, root_url: &str) {
match item {
BookItem::Chapter(chapter) => {
chapter.sub_items.iter_mut().for_each(|item| {
process_book_item(item, renderer, root_url);
process_book_item(item, root_url);
});
let Some(source_path) = &chapter.source_path else {
@@ -60,14 +61,10 @@ fn process_book_item(item: &mut BookItem, renderer: &str, root_url: &str) {
let exercise_path = source_path.strip_suffix(".md").unwrap();
let link_section = format!(
"\n## Exercise\n\nThe exercise for this section is located in [`{exercise_path}`]({})\n",
"\n## Exercise\n\nThe exercise for this section is located in [`{exercise_path}`]({})",
format!("{}/{}", root_url, exercise_path)
);
chapter.content.push_str(&link_section);
if renderer == "pandoc" {
chapter.content.push_str("`\\newpage`{=latex}\n");
}
}
BookItem::Separator => {}
BookItem::PartTitle(_) => {}

View File

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
[package]
name = "mdbook-link-shortener"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
[dependencies]
anyhow = "1.0.86"
bimap = { version = "0.6.3", features = ["serde"] }
clap = { version = "4.5.4", features = ["derive"] }
itertools = "0.13.0"
mdbook = "0.4.40"
pulldown-cmark = "0.11.0"
pulldown-cmark-to-cmark = "15"
semver = "1.0.23"
serde_json = "1.0.117"

View File

@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
use anyhow::{Context, Error};
use bimap::BiHashMap;
use itertools::Itertools;
use mdbook::book::{Book, Chapter};
use mdbook::preprocess::{Preprocessor, PreprocessorContext};
use mdbook::BookItem;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
use std::fs::File;
use std::path::PathBuf;
use std::str::FromStr;
pub struct LinkShortener;
struct AliasGenerator {
cursors: [usize; 3],
}
impl AliasGenerator {
const ALPHABET: &'static [u8] = b"f2z4x6v8bnm3q5w7e9rtyuplkshgjdca";
fn new() -> AliasGenerator {
AliasGenerator { cursors: [0, 0, 0] }
}
/// Generate a 4 alphanumeric long alias, starting from "aaaa" and incrementing by one each time
/// until "9999", using only lowercase letters and numbers.
/// We skip ambiguous characters like "0", "o", "1", "l".
fn next(&mut self) -> String {
let mut alias = String::with_capacity(4);
for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
alias.push(Self::ALPHABET[*cursor] as char);
}
for cursor in self.cursors.iter_mut().rev() {
if *cursor == Self::ALPHABET.len() - 1 {
*cursor = 0;
} else {
*cursor += 1;
break;
}
}
alias
}
/// Generate a unique alias that is not already used by the `link2alias` map.
fn next_until_unique(&mut self, link2alias: &BiHashMap<String, String>) -> String {
let mut alias = self.next();
while link2alias.contains_right(&alias) {
alias = self.next();
}
alias
}
}
impl LinkShortener {
pub fn new() -> LinkShortener {
LinkShortener
}
}
impl Preprocessor for LinkShortener {
fn name(&self) -> &str {
"link-shortener"
}
fn run(&self, ctx: &PreprocessorContext, mut book: Book) -> Result<Book, Error> {
let config = ctx
.config
.get_preprocessor(self.name())
.context("Failed to get preprocessor configuration")?;
let root_url = {
let root_url = config.get("base_url").context("Failed to get `base_url`")?;
root_url
.as_str()
.context("`base_url` is not a string")?
.to_owned()
};
let mapping = {
let mapping = config.get("mapping").context("Failed to get `mapping`")?;
let mapping = mapping
.as_str()
.context("`mapping` is not a string")?
.to_owned();
PathBuf::from_str(&mapping).context("Failed to parse `mapping` as a path")?
};
let mut link2alias = {
match File::open(&mapping) {
Ok(file) => {
serde_json::from_reader(file).context("Failed to parse existing mapping")?
}
Err(e) => {
if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
BiHashMap::new()
} else {
return Err(e).context("Failed to open existing mapping");
}
}
}
};
let verify = config
.get("verify")
.context("Failed to get `verify`")?
.as_bool()
.context("`verify` is not a boolean")?;
// Env var overrides config
let verify = std::env::var("LINK_SHORTENER_VERIFY")
.map(|v| v == "true")
.unwrap_or(verify);
let mut alias_gen = AliasGenerator::new();
book.sections.iter_mut().for_each(|i| {
if let BookItem::Chapter(c) = i {
c.content = replace_anchors(c, &root_url, &mut alias_gen, &mut link2alias, verify)
.expect("Error converting links for chapter");
for i in c.sub_items.iter_mut() {
if let BookItem::Chapter(sub_chapter) = i {
sub_chapter.content = replace_anchors(
sub_chapter,
&root_url,
&mut alias_gen,
&mut link2alias,
verify,
)
.expect("Error converting links for subchapter");
}
}
}
});
if !verify {
std::fs::create_dir_all(mapping.parent().expect("Mapping file path has no parent"))?;
let mut file = File::create(&mapping).context("Failed to upsert mapping file")?;
let ordered = link2alias.iter().collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
serde_json::to_writer_pretty(&mut file, &ordered)?;
}
Ok(book)
}
fn supports_renderer(&self, _renderer: &str) -> bool {
true
}
}
fn replace_anchors(
chapter: &mut Chapter,
root_url: &str,
alias_gen: &mut AliasGenerator,
link2alias: &mut BiHashMap<String, String>,
verify: bool,
) -> Result<String, anyhow::Error> {
use pulldown_cmark::{CowStr, Event, LinkType, Options, Parser, Tag};
use pulldown_cmark_to_cmark::cmark;
let mut buf = String::with_capacity(chapter.content.len());
let mut unshortened_links = BTreeSet::new();
let events = Parser::new_ext(&chapter.content, Options::all())
.map(|e| {
let Event::Start(Tag::Link {
link_type,
dest_url,
title,
id,
}) = &e
else {
return e;
};
match link_type {
LinkType::Autolink
| LinkType::Shortcut
| LinkType::Inline
| LinkType::Reference
| LinkType::Collapsed => {
if dest_url.starts_with("http") {
let alias = if let Some(alias) = link2alias.get_by_left(dest_url.as_ref()) {
alias.to_owned()
} else {
if verify {
unshortened_links.insert(dest_url.to_string());
return e;
}
let alias = alias_gen.next_until_unique(&link2alias);
alias
};
link2alias.insert(dest_url.to_string(), alias.clone());
Event::Start(Tag::Link {
link_type: link_type.to_owned(),
dest_url: CowStr::from(format!(
"{root_url}/{alias}",
root_url = root_url,
alias = alias
)),
title: title.clone(),
id: id.clone(),
})
} else {
e
}
}
LinkType::Email
| LinkType::ReferenceUnknown
| LinkType::CollapsedUnknown
| LinkType::ShortcutUnknown => e,
}
})
.collect_vec();
if verify && !unshortened_links.is_empty() {
let unshortened_links = unshortened_links.iter().join(", ");
return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
"The following links are not shortened: {unshortened_links}\nRun again with `LINK_SHORTENER_VERIFY=false` to update the mapping \
with the shortened links."
));
}
cmark(events.into_iter(), &mut buf)
.map(|_| buf)
.map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("Markdown serialization failed: {err}"))
}

View File

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
use clap::Parser;
use mdbook::errors::Error;
use mdbook::preprocess::{CmdPreprocessor, Preprocessor};
use mdbook_link_shortener::LinkShortener;
use semver::{Version, VersionReq};
use std::io;
use std::process;
#[derive(clap::Parser, Debug)]
#[command(version, about)]
pub struct Cli {
#[command(subcommand)]
sub: Option<SubCommand>,
}
#[derive(clap::Parser, Debug)]
pub enum SubCommand {
#[clap(name = "supports")]
Supports(Supports),
}
#[derive(clap::Parser, Debug)]
pub struct Supports {
#[arg(long)]
renderer: String,
}
fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
let cli = Cli::parse();
let preprocessor = LinkShortener::new();
if let Some(SubCommand::Supports(Supports { renderer })) = cli.sub {
let code = if preprocessor.supports_renderer(&renderer) {
0
} else {
1
};
process::exit(code);
}
handle_preprocessing(&preprocessor)?;
Ok(())
}
fn handle_preprocessing(pre: &dyn Preprocessor) -> Result<(), Error> {
let (ctx, book) = CmdPreprocessor::parse_input(io::stdin())?;
let book_version = Version::parse(&ctx.mdbook_version)?;
let version_req = VersionReq::parse(mdbook::MDBOOK_VERSION)?;
if !version_req.matches(&book_version) {
eprintln!(
"Warning: The {} plugin was built against version {} of mdbook, \
but we're being called from version {}",
pre.name(),
mdbook::MDBOOK_VERSION,
ctx.mdbook_version
);
}
let processed_book = pre.run(&ctx, book)?;
serde_json::to_writer(io::stdout(), &processed_book)?;
Ok(())
}

View File

@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
/f2u https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/05/28/cheri-abi/
/f4q https://crates.io
/f2n https://crates.io/crates/cargo-modules
/ffr https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-02-data-types.html#integer-types
/f6t https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/title-page.html
/f4m https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#cargo-targets
/ffc https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html
/f45 https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-dependencies.html
/f6u https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/
/f2z https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#numeric-cast
/fzf https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/implementations.html#trait-implementation-coherence
/f4c https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/lifetime-elision.html
/fxy https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html
/fzm https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/index.html
/fzz https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.PartialEq.html
/fzb https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.PartialOrd.html
/fzp https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html#implementors
/fzl https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html#implementors
/f4s https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FusedIterator.html
/fxf https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
/ffj https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html
/ffh https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.while.html
/ffl https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic.html
/f27 https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.size_of.html
/fzn https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html
/fz4 https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html
/fzt https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#deref-coercion
/fzv https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Div.html
/fz6 https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html
/fz8 https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Rem.html
/fzx https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Sub.html
/f2c https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/prelude/index.html
/ffe https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.i32.html#associatedconstant.MAX
/ff7 https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.i32.html#associatedconstant.MIN
/ffw https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u32.html#associatedconstant.MAX
/f4d https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/slice/struct.Iter.html
/f26 https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
/fxh https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/atomic/index.html
/f4j https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.iter
/f2y https://docs.rs/dhat/latest/dhat/
/fx2 https://docs.rs/itertools/
/f4n https://docs.rs/thiserror/latest/thiserror/
/f65 https://docs.rs/tokio-stream/latest/tokio_stream/
/f6m https://docs.rs/tokio-stream/latest/tokio_stream/trait.StreamExt.html#method.merge
/f63 https://docs.rs/tokio-util/latest/tokio_util/sync/struct.CancellationToken.html
/f6z https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/task/struct.JoinError.html
/f6k https://docs.rust-embedded.org/book/
/f2h https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_pointer
/fx7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_segment
/f2r https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address
/f2e https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_overflow
/ff9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement
/f2v https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
/f6r https://exercism.io
/ffb https://github.com/LukeMathWalker/cargo-chef
/ffm https://github.com/LukeMathWalker/wiremock-rs
/fzq https://github.com/dtolnay/cargo-expand
/fzw https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro-workshop
/ff6 https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust
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