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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Euler's Sum of Powers Conjecture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "In 1769, Leonhard Euler [conjectured that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_sum_of_powers_conjecture) for all integers *n* and *k* greater than 1, if the sum of *n* *k*th powers of positive integers is itself a *k*th power, then *n* is greater than or equal to *k*. For example, this would mean that no sum of a pair of cubes (a3 + b3) can be equal to another cube (c3), but a sum of three cubes can, as in 33 + 43 + 53 = 63. \n",
+ "\n",
+ "It took 200 years to disprove the conjecture: in 1966 L. J. Lander and T. R. Parkin published a refreshingly short [article](https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.bams/1183528522) giving a counterexample of four fifth-powers that summed to another fifth power. They found it via a program that did an exhaustive search. Can we duplicate their work and find integers greater than 1 such that \n",
+ "*a*5 + *b*5 + *c*5 + *d*5 = *e*5 ?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Algorithm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "An exhaustive *O*(*m*4) algorithm woud be to look at all values of *a, b, c, d* < *m* and check if *a*5 + *b*5 + *c*5 + *d*5 is a fifth power. But we can do better: a sum of four numbers is a sum of two pairs of numbers, so we\n",
+ "are looking for\n",
+ "\n",
+ " *pair*1 + *pair*2 = *e*5 **where** *pair*1 = *a*5 + *b*5 **and** *pair*2 = *c*5 + *d*5.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "We will define *pairs* be a dict of `{`*a*5 + *b*5`: (`*a*5`, ` *b*5`)}` entries for all *a* ≤ *b* < *m*; for example, for *a*=2 and *b*=10, the entry is `{100032: (32, 100000)}`.\n",
+ "Then we can ask for each *pair*1, and for each *e*, whether there is a *pair*2 in the `dict` that makes the equation work. There are *O*(*m*2) pairs and *O*(*m*) values of *e*, and `dict` lookup is *O*(1), so the whole algorithm is *O*(*m*3):"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "import itertools\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def euler(m):\n",
+ " \"\"\"Yield tuples (a, b, c, d, e) such that a^5 + b^5 + c^5 + d^5 = e^5,\n",
+ " where all are integers, and 1 < a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d < e < m.\"\"\"\n",
+ " powers = [e**5 for e in range(2, m)] \n",
+ " pairs = {sum(pair): pair \n",
+ " for pair in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(powers, 2)}\n",
+ " for pair1 in pairs:\n",
+ " for e5 in powers:\n",
+ " pair2 = e5 - pair1\n",
+ " if pair2 in pairs:\n",
+ " yield fifthroots(pairs[pair1] + pairs[pair2] + (e5,))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "def fifthroots(nums): \n",
+ " \"Sorted integer fifth roots of a collection of numbers.\" \n",
+ " return tuple(sorted(int(round(x ** (1/5))) for x in nums))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Let's look for a solution (arbitrarily choosing *m*=500):"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "CPU times: user 1.07 s, sys: 21.4 ms, total: 1.09 s\n",
+ "Wall time: 1.11 s\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(27, 84, 110, 133, 144)"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "%time next(euler(500))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "That was easy, and it turns out this is the same answer that Lander and Parkin got: 275 + 845 + 1105 + 1335 = 1445.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "We can keep going, collecting all the solutions up to `*m*=1000`:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "CPU times: user 1min 53s, sys: 706 ms, total: 1min 54s\n",
+ "Wall time: 1min 57s\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "{(27, 84, 110, 133, 144),\n",
+ " (54, 168, 220, 266, 288),\n",
+ " (81, 252, 330, 399, 432),\n",
+ " (108, 336, 440, 532, 576),\n",
+ " (135, 420, 550, 665, 720),\n",
+ " (162, 504, 660, 798, 864)}"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "%time set(euler(1000))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "All the answers are multiples of the first one (this is easiest to see in the middle column: 110, 220, 330, ...).\n",
+ "Since 1966 other mathematicians have found [other solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_sum_of_powers_conjecture), but all we need is one to disprove Euler's conjecture."
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
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