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\[ [Index ](index.md ) | [Exercise 3.4 ](ex3_4.md ) | [Exercise 3.6 ](ex3_6.md ) \]
# Exercise 3.5
*Objectives:*
- Learn how to use inheritance to write extensible code.
- See a practical use of inheritance by writing a program that must
output data in a variety of user-selectable formats such as plain-text,
CSV, and HTML.
*Files Modified:* `tableformat.py`
One major use of classes in Python is in writing code that be
extended/adapted in various ways. To illustrate, in
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[Exercise 3.2 ](ex3_2.md ) you created a function `print_table()`
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that made tables. You used this to make output from the `portfolio`
list. For example:
```python
>>> import stock
>>> import reader
>>> import tableformat
>>> portfolio = reader.read_csv_as_instances('Data/portfolio.csv', stock.Stock)
>>> tableformat.print_table(portfolio, ['name','shares','price'])
name shares price
---------- ---------- ----------
AA 100 32.2
IBM 50 91.1
CAT 150 83.44
MSFT 200 51.23
GE 95 40.37
MSFT 50 65.1
IBM 100 70.44
>>>
```
Suppose you wanted the `print_table()` function to be able to
make tables in any number of output formats such as CSV, XML, HTML,
Excel, etc. Trying to modify the function to support all of those
output formats at once would be painful. A better way to do this
involves moving the output-related formatting code to a class and using
inheritance to implement different output formats.
## (a) Defining a generic formatter class
Add the following class definition to the `tableformat.py` file:
```python
class TableFormatter:
def headings(self, headers):
raise NotImplementedError()
def row(self, rowdata):
raise NotImplementedError()
```
Now, modify the `print_table()` function so that it accepts a `TableFormatter` instance
and invokes methods on it to produce output:
```python
def print_table(records, fields, formatter):
formatter.headings(fields)
for r in records:
rowdata = [getattr(r, fieldname) for fieldname in fields]
formatter.row(rowdata)
```
These two classes are meant to be used together. For example:
```
>>> import stock, reader, tableformat
>>> portfolio = reader.read_csv_as_instances('Data/portfolio.csv', stock.Stock)
>>> formatter = tableformat.TableFormatter()
>>> tableformat.print_table(portfolio, ['name', 'shares', 'price'], formatter)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError
>>>
```
For now, it doesn't do much of anything interesting. You'll fix this in the next section.
## (b) Implementing a concrete formatter
The `TableFormatter` isn't meant to be used by itself. Instead, it is merely a base
for other classes that will implement the formatting. Add the following class to
`tableformat.py` :
```python
class TextTableFormatter(TableFormatter):
def headings(self, headers):
print(' '.join('%10s' % h for h in headers))
print(('-'*10 + ' ')*len(headers))
def row(self, rowdata):
print(' '.join('%10s' % d for d in rowdata))
```
Now, use your new class as follows:
```python
>>> import stock, reader, tableformat
>>> portfolio = reader.read_csv_as_instances('Data/portfolio.csv', stock.Stock)
>>> formatter = tableformat.TextTableFormatter()
>>> tableformat.print_table(portfolio, ['name','shares','price'], formatter)
name shares price
---------- ---------- ----------
AA 100 32.2
IBM 50 91.1
CAT 150 83.44
MSFT 200 51.23
GE 95 40.37
MSFT 50 65.1
IBM 100 70.44
>>>
```
## (c) Adding More Implementations
Create a class `CSVTableFormatter` that allows output to be generated in CSV format:
```python
>>> import stock, reader, tableformat
>>> portfolio = reader.read_csv_as_instances('Data/portfolio.csv', stock.Stock)
>>> formatter = tableformat.CSVTableFormatter()
>>> tableformat.print_table(portfolio, ['name','shares','price'], formatter)
name,shares,price
AA,100,32.2
IBM,50,91.1
CAT,150,83.44
MSFT,200,51.23
GE,95,40.37
MSFT,50,65.1
IBM,100,70.44
>>>
```
Create a class `HTMLTableFormatter` that generates output in HTML format:
```python
>>> import stock, reader, tableformat
>>> portfolio = reader.read_csv_as_instances('Data/portfolio.csv', stock.Stock)
>>> formatter = tableformat.HTMLTableFormatter()
>>> tableformat.print_table(portfolio, ['name','shares','price'], formatter)
< tr > < th > name< / th > < th > shares< / th > < th > price< / th > < / tr >
< tr > < td > AA< / td > < td > 100< / td > < td > 32.2< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > IBM< / td > < td > 50< / td > < td > 91.1< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > CAT< / td > < td > 150< / td > < td > 83.44< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > MSFT< / td > < td > 200< / td > < td > 51.23< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > GE< / td > < td > 95< / td > < td > 40.37< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > MSFT< / td > < td > 50< / td > < td > 65.1< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > IBM< / td > < td > 100< / td > < td > 70.44< / td > < / tr >
>>>
```
## (d) Making it Easier To Choose
One problem with using inheritance is the added complexity of picking
different classes to use (e.g., remembering the names, using the right
`import` statements, etc.). A factory function can simplify this. Add
a function `create_formatter()` to your `tableformat.py` file that
allows a user to more easily make a formatter by specifying a format such as `'text'` , `'csv'` , or `'html'` . For example:
```python
>>> from tableformat import create_formatter, print_table
>>> formatter = create_formatter('html')
>>> print_table(portfolio, ['name','shares','price'], formatter)
< tr > < th > name< / th > < th > shares< / th > < th > price< / th > < / tr >
< tr > < td > AA< / td > < td > 100< / td > < td > 32.2< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > IBM< / td > < td > 50< / td > < td > 91.1< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > CAT< / td > < td > 150< / td > < td > 83.44< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > MSFT< / td > < td > 200< / td > < td > 51.23< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > GE< / td > < td > 95< / td > < td > 40.37< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > MSFT< / td > < td > 50< / td > < td > 65.1< / td > < / tr >
< tr > < td > IBM< / td > < td > 100< / td > < td > 70.44< / td > < / tr >
>>>
```
**Discussion**
The `TableFormatter` class in this exercise is an example of something known
as an "Abstract Base Class." It's not something that's meant to be used directly.
Instead, it's serving as a kind of interface specification for a program component--in
this case the various output formats. Essentially, the code that produces the table
will be programmed against the abstract base class with the expectation that a user
will provide a suitable implementation. As long as all of the required methods
have been implemented, it should all just "work" (fingers crossed).
\[ [Solution ](soln3_5.md ) | [Index ](index.md ) | [Exercise 3.4 ](ex3_4.md ) | [Exercise 3.6 ](ex3_6.md ) \]
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