# Modern JavaScript/TypeScript

Note: run code quickly with https://codesandbox.io/s/

## Quirks

### Printing and interacting with the console

```javascript
// Do not leave console.log in your code! There are linters such as eslint that will check for their absence
console.log("hello");
```

### Comparing scalar, arrays, and objects

#### Always use triple comparators (`===`) instead of double (`==`)

```javascript
// ???
console.assert("1" == 1);

// Better
console.assert(!("1" === 1));
console.assert("1" !== 1);
```

#### Comparing non-scalar

Applied on arrays and objects, `==` and `===` will check for object identity, which is almost never what you want.

```javascript
console.assert({ a: 1 } != { a: 1 });
console.assert({ a: 1 } !== { a: 1 });

const obj = { a: 1 };
const obj2 = obj;
console.assert(obj == obj2);
console.assert(obj === obj2);
```

Use a library such as [lodash](https://lodash.com/) to properly compare objects and array

```javascript
import _ from "lodash";

console.assert(_.isEqual({ a: 1 }, { a: 1 }));
console.assert(_.isEqual([1, 2], [1, 2]));
```

### `Object` methods

#### `Object.assign`, spread operator

`Object.assign` (ES 2015)

### `Array` methods

#### `Array.includes` (ES7)

## Object literals, assignment and destructuring

### Objects

```javascript
const toaster = { size: 2, color: "red", brand: "NoName" };

// Get one object key
const { size } = toaster;
console.assert(size === 2);

// Get the rest with ...rest
const { color, brand, ...rest } = toaster;
console.assert(_.isEqual(rest, { size: 2 }));

// Set default
const { size2 = 3 } = toaster;
console.assert(size2 === 3);

// Rename variables
const { size: size3 } = toaster;
console.assert(size3 === 2);

// Enhances object literals
const name = "Louis";
const person = { name };
console.assert(_.isEqual(person, { name: "Louis" }));

// Dynamic properties
const person2 = { ["first" + "Name"]: "Olympe" };
console.assert(_.isEqual(person2, { firstName: "Olympe" }));
// Btw, you can include quotes although nobody does this
console.assert(_.isEqual(person2, { firstName: "Olympe" }));
```

### Array

```javascript
const theArray = [1, 2, 3];
const [first, second] = theArray;
const [first1, second2, ...rest] = theArray;

console.assert(first === 1);
console.assert(second === 2);
console.assert(_.isEqualWith(rest, [3]));
```

## `let` and `const`

```javascript
const constantVar = "a";

// Raises "constantVar" is read-only
constantVar = "b";

let mutableVar = "a";
mutableVar = "a";

// Note: this will work ok
const constantObject = { a: 1 };
constantObject.a = 2;
constantObject.b = 3;

// Raises: "constantObject" is read-only
constantObject = { a: 1 };

// const and let are block scoped. A block is enclosed in {}
{
  const a = "a";
  console.log({ a });
}
// Raises: ReferenceError: a is not defined
console.log({ a });
```

Note: try to use `const` as much as you can.

- More constraints = safer code
- Some kind of "immutability" is good (since `const` objects can be modified, it is not true immutability)
- You can't define a `const` without providing its initial value
- Most people do this in modern JS

Never use `var`:

- `var` variables are initialized with `undefined`, while `let` and `const` vars are not initialized and will raise an error if used before definition.
- `var` is globally or function-scoped, depending on whether it is used inside a function.
- `let` and `const` are block-scoped
- `let` and `const` cannot be reused for the same variable name

## Arrow functions

The first advantage of arrow function is that they're shorter to write:

```javascript
// You can define a function this way:
const myFunction = function () {
  console.log("hello world");
};

// With an arrow function, you save a few characters:
const myArrowFunction = () => {
  console.log("hello world");
};

// Some things, like params parentheses, and function code brackets, are optional
const myFunctionToBeShortened = function (a) {
  return a;
};

// Shorter arrow function
const myFunctionToBeShortenedArrowV1 = (a) => {
  return a;
};

// Shortest arrow function
// Remove single param parenthesis, remove function code bracket, remove return
const myFunctionToBeShortenedArrowV2 = (a) => a;
console.assert(myFunctionToBeShortenedArrowV2(1) === 1);
```

### How `this` works in arrow functions

### Best practices

- I usually keep the parameters parenthesis. If you add a parameter, you'll have to add them back.

## Classes

### Prototypal inheritance

## Template literals

### Template tags

## Loops

### `for... of`

Note: prefer using some functional constructs such as `map`, `reduce`, etc.

## Promises

### Creating a promise

### Consuming a promise

### Chaining promises

## Async functions

## Modules

CommonJS syntax:

ES Module syntax:

- default export and imports
- renaming imports

## TypeScript

### Differences between TypeScript and JavaScript

### An introduction to TypeScript's type system

## References

- [ES5 to ESNext — here’s every feature added to JavaScript since 2015](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/es5-to-esnext-heres-every-feature-added-to-javascript-since-2015-d0c255e13c6e/)