>>> s = 'naïve'  <1>
>>> b = b'naïve'  <2>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
SyntaxError: bytes can only contain ASCII literal characters.
>>> b = bytes('naïve', 'iso8859-1')  <3>
>>> b         <4>
b'na\xefve'
>>> s         <5>
'naïve'
>>> b == s.encode('iso8859-1')  <6>
True
>>> s[2]      <7>
'ï'
>>> b[2]      <8>
239
>>> ord(s[2]) <9>
239
>>> s.upper() <10>
'NAÏVE'
>>> b.upper() <11>
b'NA\xefVE'