ch15: draft examples

15-more-types/cafeteria/cafeteria.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+
+
+class Beverage:
+    """Any beverage"""
+
+
+class Juice(Beverage):
+    """Any fruit juice"""
+
+
+class OrangeJuice(Juice):
+    """Delicious juice Brazilian oranges"""
+
+
+class Coak(Beverage):
+    """Secret formula with lots of sugar"""
+
+
+BeverageT = TypeVar('BeverageT', bound=Beverage)
+JuiceT = TypeVar('JuiceT', bound=Juice)
+
+
+class BeverageDispenser(Generic[BeverageT]):
+
+    beverage: BeverageT
+
+    def __init__(self, beverage: BeverageT) -> None:
+        self.beverage = beverage
+
+    def dispense(self) -> BeverageT:
+        return self.beverage
+
+
+class JuiceDispenser(BeverageDispenser[JuiceT]):
+    pass
+
+
+class Cafeteria:
+    def __init__(self, dispenser: BeverageDispenser[JuiceT]):
+        self.dispenser = dispenser

15-more-types/cafeteria/cafeteria_demo.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from cafeteria import (
+    Cafeteria,
+    BeverageDispenser,
+    JuiceDispenser,
+    Juice,
+    OrangeJuice,
+    Coak,
+)
+
+orange = OrangeJuice()
+
+orange_dispenser: JuiceDispenser[OrangeJuice] = JuiceDispenser(orange)
+
+juice: Juice = orange_dispenser.dispense()
+
+soda = Coak()
+
+## Value of type variable "JuiceT" of "JuiceDispenser" cannot be "Coak"
+# soda_dispenser = JuiceDispenser(soda)
+
+soda_dispenser = BeverageDispenser(soda)
+
+arnold_hall = Cafeteria(soda_dispenser)

15-more-types/collections_variance.py

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from collections.abc import Collection, Sequence
+
+col_int: Collection[int]
+
+seq_int: Sequence[int] = (1, 2, 3)
+
+## Incompatible types in assignment
+##   expression has type "Collection[int]"
+##     variable has type "Sequence[int]"
+# seq_int = col_int
+
+col_int = seq_int
+
+## List item 0 has incompatible type "float"
+##   expected "int"
+# col_int = [1.1]

15-more-types/erp_test.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import random
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Iterable, TYPE_CHECKING, List
 
 from erp import EnterpriserRandomPopper
 import randompop
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@ def test_issubclass() -> None:
     assert issubclass(EnterpriserRandomPopper, randompop.RandomPopper)
 
 
-
 def test_isinstance_untyped_items_argument() -> None:
     items = [1, 2, 3]
     popper = EnterpriserRandomPopper(items)  # [int] is not required

15-more-types/gen_contra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+"""
+In ``Generator[YieldType, SendType, ReturnType]``,
+``SendType`` is contravariant.
+The other type variables are covariant.
+
+This is how ``typing.Generator`` is declared::
+
+    class Generator(Iterator[T_co], Generic[T_co, T_contra, V_co]):
+
+(from https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Generator)
+
+"""
+
+from typing import Generator
+
+
+# Generator[YieldType, SendType, ReturnType]
+
+def gen_float_take_int() -> Generator[float, int, str]:
+    received = yield -1.0
+    while received:
+        received = yield float(received)
+    return 'Done'
+
+
+def gen_float_take_float() -> Generator[float, float, str]:
+    received = yield -1.0
+    while received:
+        received = yield float(received)
+    return 'Done'
+
+
+def gen_float_take_complex() -> Generator[float, complex, str]:
+    received = yield -1.0
+    while received:
+        received = yield abs(received)
+    return 'Done'
+
+# Generator[YieldType, SendType, ReturnType]
+
+g0: Generator[float, float, str] = gen_float_take_float()
+
+g1: Generator[complex, float, str] = gen_float_take_float()
+
+## Incompatible types in assignment
+##   expression has type "Generator[float, float, str]"
+##     variable has type "Generator[int, float, str]")
+# g2: Generator[int, float, str] = gen_float_take_float()
+
+
+# Generator[YieldType, SendType, ReturnType]
+
+g3: Generator[float, int, str] = gen_float_take_float()
+
+## Incompatible types in assignment
+##   expression has type "Generator[float, float, str]"
+##     variable has type "Generator[float, complex, str]")
+## g4: Generator[float, complex, str] = gen_float_take_float()
+

15-more-types/petbox/petbox.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Any
+
+
+class Pet:
+    """Domestic animal kept for companionship."""
+
+
+class Dog(Pet):
+    """Canis familiaris"""
+
+
+class Cat(Pet):
+    """Felis catus"""
+
+
+class Siamese(Cat):
+    """Cat breed from Thailand"""
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+class Box(Generic[T]):
+    def put(self, item: T) -> None:
+        self.contents = item
+
+    def get(self) -> T:
+        return self.contents
+
+
+T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)
+
+
+class InBox(Generic[T_contra]):
+    def put(self, item: T) -> None:
+        self.contents = item
+
+
+T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)
+
+
+class OutBox(Generic[T_co]):
+    def __init__(self, contents: Any):
+        self.contents = contents
+
+    def get(self) -> Any:
+        return self.contents

15-more-types/petbox/petbox_demo.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from petbox import *
+
+
+cat_box: Box[Cat] = Box()
+
+si = Siamese()
+
+cat_box.put(si)
+
+animal = cat_box.get()
+
+#if TYPE_CHECKING:
+#    reveal_type(animal)  # Revealed: petbox.Cat*
+
+
+################### Covariance
+
+out_box: OutBox[Cat] = OutBox(Cat())
+
+out_box_si: OutBox[Siamese] = OutBox(Siamese())
+
+## Incompatible types in assignment
+##   expression has type "OutBox[Cat]"
+#      variable has type "OutBox[Siamese]"
+# out_box_si = out_box
+
+out_box = out_box_si
+
+################### Contravariance
+
+in_box: InBox[Cat] = InBox()
+
+in_box_si: InBox[Siamese] = InBox()
+
+in_box_si = in_box
+
+## Incompatible types in assignment
+##   expression has type "InBox[Siamese]"
+##     variable has type "InBox[Cat]"
+# in_box = in_box_si

15-more-types/randompick_generic_test.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from typing import Iterable, TYPE_CHECKING
 from randompick_generic import GenericRandomPicker
 
 
-class LottoPicker():
+class LottoPicker:
     def __init__(self, items: Iterable[int]) -> None:
         self._items = list(items)
         random.shuffle(self._items)

15-more-types/randompop.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Protocol, TypeVar, runtime_checkable, Any
+from typing import Protocol, runtime_checkable, Any
 
 
 @runtime_checkable

15-more-types/randompop_test.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import random
 from typing import Any, Iterable, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 
-class SimplePopper():
+class SimplePopper:
     def __init__(self, items: Iterable) -> None:
         self._items = list(items)
         random.shuffle(self._items)

15-more-types/typeddict/books.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# tag::BOOKDICT[]
+from typing import TypedDict, List
+import json
+
+class BookDict(TypedDict):
+    isbn: str
+    title: str
+    authors: List[str]
+    pagecount: int
+# end::BOOKDICT[]
+
+# tag::TOXML[]
+AUTHOR_EL = '<AUTHOR>{}</AUTHOR>'
+
+def to_xml(book: BookDict) -> str:  # <1>
+    elements: List[str] = []  # <2>
+    for key, value in book.items():
+        if isinstance(value, list):  # <3>
+            elements.extend(
+                AUTHOR_EL.format(n) for n in value)  # <4>
+        else:
+            tag = key.upper()
+            elements.append(f'<{tag}>{value}</{tag}>')
+    xml = '\n\t'.join(elements)
+    return f'<BOOK>\n\t{xml}\n</BOOK>'
+# end::TOXML[]
+
+# tag::FROMJSON[]
+def from_json(data: str) -> BookDict:
+    whatever: BookDict = json.loads(data)  # <1>
+    return whatever  # <2>
+# end::FROMJSON[]

15-more-types/typeddict/books_any.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# tag::BOOKDICT[]
+from typing import TypedDict, List
+import json
+
+class BookDict(TypedDict):
+    isbn: str
+    title: str
+    authors: List[str]
+    pagecount: int
+# end::BOOKDICT[]
+
+# tag::TOXML[]
+AUTHOR_EL = '<AUTHOR>{}</AUTHOR>'
+
+def to_xml(book: BookDict) -> str:  # <1>
+    elements: List[str] = []  # <2>
+    for key, value in book.items():
+        if isinstance(value, list):  # <3>
+            elements.extend(AUTHOR_EL.format(n)
+                for n in value)
+        else:
+            tag = key.upper()
+            elements.append(f'<{tag}>{value}</{tag}>')
+    xml = '\n\t'.join(elements)
+    return f'<BOOK>\n\t{xml}\n</BOOK>'
+# end::TOXML[]
+
+# tag::FROMJSON[]
+def from_json(data: str) -> BookDict:
+    whatever = json.loads(data)  # <1>
+    return whatever  # <2>
+# end::FROMJSON[]

15-more-types/typeddict/demo_books.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from books import BookDict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+def demo() -> None:  # <1>
+    book = BookDict(  # <2>
+        isbn='0134757599',
+        title='Refactoring, 2e',
+        authors=['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        pagecount=478
+    )
+    authors = book['authors'] # <3>
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:  # <4>
+        reveal_type(authors)  # <5>
+    authors = 'Bob'  # <6>
+    book['weight'] = 4.2
+    del book['title']
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    demo()

15-more-types/typeddict/demo_not_book.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from books import to_xml, from_json
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+def demo() -> None:
+    NOT_BOOK_JSON = """
+        {"title": "Andromeda Strain",
+         "flavor": "pistachio",
+         "authors": true}
+    """
+    not_book = from_json(NOT_BOOK_JSON)  # <1>
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:  # <2>
+        reveal_type(not_book)
+        reveal_type(not_book['authors'])
+
+    print(not_book)  # <3>
+    print(not_book['flavor'])  # <4>
+
+    xml = to_xml(not_book)  # <5>
+    print(xml)  # <6>
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    demo()

15-more-types/typeddict/test_books.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import json
+from typing import cast
+
+from books import BookDict, to_xml, from_json
+
+XML_SAMPLE = """
+<BOOK>
+\t<ISBN>0134757599</ISBN>
+\t<TITLE>Refactoring, 2e</TITLE>
+\t<AUTHOR>Martin Fowler</AUTHOR>
+\t<AUTHOR>Kent Beck</AUTHOR>
+\t<PAGECOUNT>478</PAGECOUNT>
+</BOOK>
+""".strip()
+
+
+# using plain dicts
+
+def test_1() -> None:
+    xml = to_xml({
+        'isbn': '0134757599',
+        'title': 'Refactoring, 2e',
+        'authors': ['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        'pagecount': 478,
+    })
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+def test_2() -> None:
+    xml = to_xml(dict(
+        isbn='0134757599',
+        title='Refactoring, 2e',
+        authors=['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        pagecount=478))
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+def test_5() -> None:
+    book_data: BookDict = dict(
+        isbn='0134757599',
+        title='Refactoring, 2e',
+        authors=['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        pagecount=478
+    )
+    xml = to_xml(book_data)
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+def test_6() -> None:
+    book_data = dict(
+        isbn='0134757599',
+        title='Refactoring, 2e',
+        authors=['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        pagecount=478
+    )
+    xml = to_xml(cast(BookDict, book_data))  # cast needed
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+def test_4() -> None:
+    xml = to_xml(BookDict(
+        isbn='0134757599',
+        title='Refactoring, 2e',
+        authors=['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        pagecount=478))
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+def test_7() -> None:
+    book_data = BookDict(
+        isbn='0134757599',
+        title='Refactoring, 2e',
+        authors=['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        pagecount=478
+    )
+    xml = to_xml(book_data)
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+def test_8() -> None:
+    book_data: BookDict = {
+        'isbn': '0134757599',
+        'title': 'Refactoring, 2e',
+        'authors': ['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck'],
+        'pagecount': 478,
+    }
+    xml = to_xml(book_data)
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+BOOK_JSON = """
+    {"isbn": "0134757599",
+     "title": "Refactoring, 2e",
+     "authors": ["Martin Fowler", "Kent Beck"],
+     "pagecount": 478}
+"""
+
+def test_load_book_0() -> None:
+    book_data: BookDict = json.loads(BOOK_JSON)  # typed var
+    xml = to_xml(book_data)
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+def test_load_book() -> None:
+    book_data = from_json(BOOK_JSON)
+    xml = to_xml(book_data)
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE
+
+
+NOT_BOOK_JSON = """
+    {"isbn": 3.141592653589793
+     "title": [1, 2, 3],
+     "authors": ["Martin Fowler", "Kent Beck"],
+     "flavor": "strawberry"}
+"""
+
+def test_load_not_book() -> None:
+    book_data: BookDict = json.loads(BOOK_JSON)  # typed var
+    xml = to_xml(book_data)
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE

15-more-types/typeddict/test_books_check_fails.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from books import BookDict, to_xml
+
+XML_SAMPLE = """
+<BOOK>
+\t<ISBN>0134757599</ISBN>
+\t<TITLE>Refactoring, 2e</TITLE>
+\t<AUTHOR>Martin Fowler</AUTHOR>
+\t<AUTHOR>Kent Beck</AUTHOR>
+\t<PAGECOUNT>478</PAGECOUNT>
+</BOOK>
+""".strip()
+
+def test_3() -> None:
+    xml = to_xml(BookDict(dict([  # Expected keyword arguments, {...}, or dict(...) in TypedDict constructor
+        ('isbn', '0134757599'),
+        ('title', 'Refactoring, 2e'),
+        ('authors', ['Martin Fowler', 'Kent Beck']),
+        ('pagecount', 478),
+    ])))
+    assert xml == XML_SAMPLE

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Fluent Python 2e example code
 
-Example code for the book **Fluent Python, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition** by Luciano Ramalho (O'Reilly, 2021).
+Example code for the book **Fluent Python, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition** by Luciano Ramalho (O'Reilly, 2020).
 
 > **BEWARE**: This is a work in progress!
 >
@@ -14,40 +14,40 @@ Example code for the book **Fluent Python, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition** by Luciano R
 
 All chapters are undergoing review and updates, including significant rewrites in the chapters about concurrency in **Part V**.
 
-New chapters in **Fluent Python 2<sup>nd</sup> edition** are marked with 🆕.
+New chapters in **Fluent Python 2e** are marked with 🆕.
 
 🚨 This table of contents is subject to change at any time until the book goes to the printer.
 
-Part / Chapter #|Title|Directory|1<sup>st</sup> edition Chapter&nbsp;#
+Part / Chapter #|Title|Directory|Notebook|1<sup>st</sup> ed. Chapter&nbsp;#
----:|---|---|:---:
+---:|---|---|---|:---:
 **I – Prologue**|
-1|The Python Data Model|[01-data-model](01-data-model)|1
+1|The Python Data Model|[01-data-model](01-data-model)|[data-model.ipynb](01-data-model/data-model.ipynb)|1
 **II – Data Structures**|
-2|An Array of Sequences|[02-array-seq](02-array-seq)|2
+2|An Array of Sequences|[02-array-seq](02-array-seq)|[array-seq.ipynb](02-array-seq/array-seq.ipynb)|2
-3|Dictionaries and Sets|[03-dict-set](03-dict-set)|3
+3|Dictionaries and Sets|[03-dict-set](03-dict-set)||3
-4|Text versus Bytes|[04-text-byte](04-text-byte)|4
+4|Text versus Bytes|[04-text-byte](04-text-byte)||4
-5|Record-like Data Structures|[05-record-like](05-record-like)|🆕
+🆕 5|Record-like Data Structures|[05-record-like](05-record-like)||–
-6|Object References, Mutability, and Recycling|[06-obj-ref](06-obj-ref)|8
+6|Object References, Mutability, and Recycling|[06-obj-ref](06-obj-ref)||8
 **III – Functions as Objects**|
-7|First-Class Funcions|[07-1class-func](07-1class-func)|5
+7|First-Class Funcions|[07-1class-func](07-1class-func)||5
-8|Type Hints in Function Definitions|[08-def-type-hints](08-def-type-hints)|🆕
+🆕 8|Type Hints in Function Definitions|[08-def-type-hints](08-def-type-hints)||–
-9|Function Decorators and Closures|[09-closure-deco](09-closure-deco)|7
+9|Function Decorators and Closures|[09-closure-deco](09-closure-deco)||7
-10|Design Patterns with First-Class Functions|[10-dp-1class-func](10-dp-1class-func)|6
+10|Design Patterns with First-Class Functions|[10-dp-1class-func](10-dp-1class-func)||6
 **IV – Object-Oriented Idioms**|
-11|A Pythonic Object|[11-pythonic-obj](11-pythonic-obj)|9
+11|A Pythonic Object|[11-pythonic-obj](11-pythonic-obj)||9
-12|Sequence Hacking, Hashing, and Slicing|[12-seq-hacking](12-seq-hacking)|10
+12|Sequence Hacking, Hashing, and Slicing|[12-seq-hacking](12-seq-hacking)||10
-13|Interfaces, Protocols, and ABCs|[13-protocl-abc](13-protocol-abc)|11
+13|Interfaces, Protocols, and ABCs|[13-protocl-abc](13-protocol-abc)||11
-14|Inheritance: For Good or For Worse|[14-inheritance](14-inheritance)|12
+14|Inheritance: For Good or For Worse|[14-inheritance](14-inheritance)||12
-15|More About Type Hints|15-more-typing|🆕
+🆕 15|More About Type Hints|[15-more-types](15-more-types)||–
-16|Operator Overloading: Doing It Right|[16-op-overloading](16-op-overloading)|13
+16|Operator Overloading: Doing It Right|[16-op-overloading](16-op-overloading)||13
 **V – Control Flow**|
-17|Iterables, Iterators, and Generators|[17-it-generator](17-it-generator)|14
+17|Iterables, Iterators, and Generators|[17-it-generator](17-it-generator)||14
-18|Context Managers and else Blocks|[18-context-mngr](18-context-mngr)|15
+18|Context Managers and else Blocks|[18-context-mngr](18-context-mngr)||15
-19|Classic Coroutines|[19-coroutine](19-coroutine)|16
+19|Classic Coroutines|[19-coroutine](19-coroutine)||16
-20|Concurrency Models in Python|[20-concurrency](20-concurrency)|🆕
+🆕 20|Concurrency Models in Python|[20-concurrency](20-concurrency)||-
-21|Concurrency with Futures|[21-futures](21-futures)|17
+21|Concurrency with Futures|[21-futures](21-futures)||17
-22|Asynchronous Programming|[22-async](22-async)|18
+22|Asynchronous Programming|[22-async](22-async)||18
 **VI – Metaprogramming**|
-23|Dynamic Attributes and Properties|[23-dyn-attr-prop](23-dyn-attr-prop)|19
+23|Dynamic Attributes and Properties|[22-dyn-attr-prop](22-dyn-attr-prop)||19
-24|Attribute Descriptors|[24-descriptor](24-descriptor)|20
+24|Attribute Descriptors|[23-descriptor](23-descriptor)||20
-25|Class Metaprogramming|[25-class-metaprog](25-class-metaprog)|21
+25|Class Metaprogramming|[24-class-metaprog](24-class-metaprog)||21