ch01-12: clean up by @eumiro

01-data-model/vector2d.doctest

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+>>> from vector2d import Vector
+>>> v1 = Vector(2, 4)
+>>> v2 = Vector(2, 1)
+>>> v1 + v2
+Vector(4, 5)
+>>> v = Vector(3, 4)
+>>> abs(v)
+5.0
+>>> v * 3
+Vector(9, 12)
+>>> abs(v * 3)
+15.0

01-data-model/vector2d.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Scalar multiplication::
 """
 
 
-from math import hypot
+import math
 
 class Vector:
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Vector:
         return f'Vector({self.x!r}, {self.y!r})'
 
     def __abs__(self):
-        return hypot(self.x, self.y)
+        return math.hypot(self.x, self.y)
 
     def __bool__(self):
         return bool(abs(self))

02-array-seq/.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-floats-*.txt
-floats-*.npy
-floats.bin

02-array-seq/README.md

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# An Array of Sequences
-
-Sample code for Chapter 2 of _Fluent Python 2e_ by Luciano Ramalho (O'Reilly, 2020)
-
-## Running the tests
-
-### Doctests
-
-Use Python's standard ``doctest`` module, for example:
-
-    $ python3 -m doctest bisect_demo.py -v
-
-### Jupyter Notebook
-
-Install ``pytest`` and the ``nbval`` plugin:
-
-    $ pip install pytest nbval
-
-Run:
-
-    $ pytest --nbval

02-array-seq/README.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Sample code for Chapter 2 - "An array of sequences"
+
+From the book "Fluent Python 2e" by Luciano Ramalho (O'Reilly)
+http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920032519.do

02-array-seq/bisect_demo.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Demonstration of ``bisect.bisect_left``::
 
 """
 
-# BEGIN BISECT_DEMO
+# tag::BISECT_DEMO[]
 import bisect
 import sys
 
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     print('haystack ->', ' '.join(f'{n:2}' for n in HAYSTACK))
     demo(bisect_fn)
 
-# END BISECT_DEMO
+# end::BISECT_DEMO[]

02-array-seq/bisect_insort.py

@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ my_list = []
 for i in range(SIZE):
     new_item = random.randrange(SIZE * 2)
     bisect.insort(my_list, new_item)
-    print(f'{new_item:2} ->', my_list)
+    print(f'{new_item:2d} -> {my_list}')

02-array-seq/memoryviews.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# memoryviews\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## References\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* [PEP-3118](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3118/) Revising the buffer protocol (2006)\n",
+    "* [issue14130](https://bugs.python.org/issue14130) memoryview: add multi-dimensional indexing and slicing (2012)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.7.1 (default, Dec 14 2018, 13:28:58) \n",
+      "[Clang 4.0.1 (tags/RELEASE_401/final)]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import sys\n",
+    "print(sys.version)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<memory at 0x1045a31c8>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mv1d = memoryview(bytes(range(35, 50)))\n",
+    "mv1d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(mv1d)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<memory at 0x10464a120>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mv2d = mv1d.cast('B', [3, 5])\n",
+    "mv2d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(3, 5)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 5,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mv2d.shape"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(mv2d)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[[35, 36, 37, 38, 39], [40, 41, 42, 43, 44], [45, 46, 47, 48, 49]]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 7,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mv2d.tolist()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[35, 36, 37, 38, 39]\n",
+      "[40, 41, 42, 43, 44]\n",
+      "[45, 46, 47, 48, 49]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for row in mv2d.tolist():\n",
+    "    print(row)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "42"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mv2d[1, 2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "42"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 10,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mv2d.tolist()[1][2]"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.7.1"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}

02-array-seq/slice-assign.rst

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-Assigning to Slices
-===================
-
-An example that raises an error::
-
->>> l = list(range(10))
->>> l[2:5] = 100
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ...
-TypeError: can only assign an iterable
-

03-dict-set/index0.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ with open(sys.argv[1], encoding='utf-8') as fp:
     for line_no, line in enumerate(fp, 1):
         for match in WORD_RE.finditer(line):
             word = match.group()
-            column_no = match.start()+1
+            column_no = match.start() + 1
             location = (line_no, column_no)
             # this is ugly; coded like this to make a point
             occurrences = index.get(word, [])  # <1>

03-dict-set/index_default.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ with open(sys.argv[1], encoding='utf-8') as fp:
     for line_no, line in enumerate(fp, 1):
         for match in WORD_RE.finditer(line):
             word = match.group()
-            column_no = match.start() + 1
+            column_no = match.start()+1
             location = (line_no, column_no)
             index[word].append(location)  # <2>
 

03-dict-set/transformdict.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class TransformDict(MutableMapping):
 
     @property
     def transform_func(self):
-        """This TransformDict's transformation function"""
+        """This is TransformDict's transformation function"""
         return self._transform
 
     # Minimum set of methods required for MutableMapping

04-text-byte/categories.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import sys
+import collections
+from unicodedata import name, category
+
+
+def category_stats():
+    counts = collections.Counter()
+    firsts = {}
+    for code in range(sys.maxunicode + 1):
+        char = chr(code)
+        cat = category(char)
+        if cat not in counts:
+            firsts[cat] = char
+        counts[cat] += 1
+    return counts, firsts
+
+
+def category_scan(desired):
+    for code in range(sys.maxunicode + 1):
+        char = chr(code)
+        if category(char) == desired:
+            yield char    
+
+
+def main(args):
+    count = 0
+    if len(args) == 2:
+        for char in category_scan(args[1]):
+            print(char, end=' ')
+            count += 1
+            if count > 200:
+                break
+        print() 
+        print(count, 'characters shown')
+    else:
+        counts, firsts = category_stats()
+        for cat, count in counts.most_common():
+            first = firsts[cat]
+            if cat == 'Cs':
+                first = f'(surrogate U+{ord(first):04X})'
+            print(f'{count:6} {cat} {first}')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv)

04-text-byte/simplify.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+
 """
-Radical folding and text sanitizing.
+Radical folding and diacritic mark removal.
 
 Handling a string with `cp1252` symbols:
 
@@ -45,30 +46,33 @@ def shave_marks_latin(txt):
     """Remove all diacritic marks from Latin base characters"""
     norm_txt = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', txt)  # <1>
     latin_base = False
-    keepers = []
+    preserve = []
     for c in norm_txt:
         if unicodedata.combining(c) and latin_base:   # <2>
             continue  # ignore diacritic on Latin base char
-        keepers.append(c)                             # <3>
+        preserve.append(c)                            # <3>
         # if it isn't combining char, it's a new base char
         if not unicodedata.combining(c):              # <4>
             latin_base = c in string.ascii_letters
-    shaved = ''.join(keepers)
+    shaved = ''.join(preserve)
     return unicodedata.normalize('NFC', shaved)   # <5>
 # end::SHAVE_MARKS_LATIN[]
 
 # tag::ASCIIZE[]
-single_map = str.maketrans("""‚ƒ„†ˆ‹‘’“”•–—˜›""",  # <1>
+single_map = str.maketrans("""‚ƒ„ˆ‹‘’“”•–—˜›""",  # <1>
-                           """'f"*^<''""---~>""")
+                           """'f"^<''""---~>""")
 
 multi_map = str.maketrans({  # <2>
-    '€': '<euro>',
+    '€': 'EUR',
     '…': '...',
+    'Æ': 'AE',
+    'æ': 'ae',
     'Œ': 'OE',
-    '™': '(TM)',
     'œ': 'oe',
+    '™': '(TM)',
     '‰': '<per mille>',
-    '‡': '**',
+    '†': '**',
+    '‡': '***',
 })
 
 multi_map.update(single_map)  # <3>

05-record-like/dataclass/club_generic.py

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import List                              # <1>
 
 @dataclass
 class ClubMember:
-
     name: str
-    guests: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)  # <2>
+    guests: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)  # <1>

05-record-like/dataclass/hackerclub_annotated.py

@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ To fix, ``leo2`` must be created with an explicit ``handle``::
 
 # tag::HACKERCLUB[]
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import ClassVar, Set
+from typing import ClassVar
 from club import ClubMember
 
 @dataclass
 class HackerClubMember(ClubMember):
 
-    all_handles: ClassVar[Set[str]] = set()
+    all_handles: ClassVar[set[str]] = set()
 
     handle: str = ''
 

05-record-like/dataclass/resource.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ A complete resource record:
 
 # tag::DATACLASS[]
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import Optional
 from enum import Enum, auto
 from datetime import date
 
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ class Resource:
     """Media resource description."""
     identifier: str                                    # <2>
     title: str = '<untitled>'                          # <3>
-    creators: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    creators: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     date: Optional[date] = None                        # <4>
     type: ResourceType = ResourceType.BOOK             # <5>
     description: str = ''
     language: str = ''
-    subjects: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    subjects: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
 # end::DATACLASS[]
 
 
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ from typing import TypedDict
 class ResourceDict(TypedDict):
     identifier: str
     title: str
-    creators: List[str]
+    creators: list[str]
     date: Optional[date]
     type: ResourceType
     description: str
     language: str
-    subjects: List[str]
+    subjects: list[str]
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

05-record-like/dataclass/resource_repr.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ A complete resource record:
 """
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, fields
-from typing import List, Optional, TypedDict
+from typing import Optional, TypedDict
 from enum import Enum, auto
 from datetime import date
 
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ class Resource:
     """Media resource description."""
     identifier: str
     title: str = '<untitled>'
-    creators: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    creators: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     date: Optional[date] = None
     type: ResourceType = ResourceType.BOOK
     description: str = ''
     language: str = ''
-    subjects: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    subjects: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
 
 # tag::REPR[]
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class Resource:
 class ResourceDict(TypedDict):
     identifier: str
     title: str
-    creators: List[str]
+    creators: list[str]
     date: Optional[date]
     type: ResourceType
     description: str
     language: str
-    subjects: List[str]
+    subjects: list[str]
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

08-def-type-hints/clip_annot_1ed.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 # tag::CLIP_ANNOT[]
 
-def clip(text: str, max_len: 'int > 0'=80) -> str:  # <1>
+def clip(text: str, max_len: 'int > 0' = 80) -> str:  # <1>
     """Return text clipped at the last space before or after max_len
     """
     end = None

08-def-type-hints/comparable/top.py

@@ -26,6 +26,5 @@ from comparable import Comparable
 CT = TypeVar('CT', bound=Comparable)
 
 def top(series: Iterable[CT], length: int) -> List[CT]:
-    ordered = sorted(series, reverse=True)
+    return sorted(series, reverse=True)[:length]
-    return ordered[:length]
+# end::TOP[]
-# end::TOP[]

08-def-type-hints/coordinates/coordinates.py

@@ -8,12 +8,10 @@
 """
 
 # tag::GEOHASH[]
-from typing import Tuple
-
 from geolib import geohash as gh  # type: ignore
 
 PRECISION = 9
 
-def geohash(lat_lon: Tuple[float, float]) -> str:
+def geohash(lat_lon: tuple[float, float]) -> str:
     return gh.encode(*lat_lon, PRECISION)
-# end::GEOHASH[]
+# end::GEOHASH[]

08-def-type-hints/mode/mode_T.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def mode(data: Iterable[T]) -> T:
 
 def demo() -> None:
     from typing import List, Set, TYPE_CHECKING
-    pop: List[Set] = [set(), set()]
+    pop: list[set] = [set(), set()]
     m = mode(pop)
     if TYPE_CHECKING:
         reveal_type(pop)
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ def demo() -> None:
     print(repr(m), type(m))
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    demo()
+    demo()

09-closure-deco/fibo_demo_cache.py

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ import functools
 from clockdeco import clock
 
 
-@functools.lru_cache  # <1>
+@functools.cache  # <1>
 @clock  # <2>
 def fibonacci(n):
     if n < 2:
         return n
-    return fibonacci(n - 2) + fibonacci(n - 1)
+    return fibonacci(n-2) + fibonacci(n-1)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

10-dp-1class-func/pytypes/classic_strategy.py

@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ class Order:  # the Context
         return self.total() - discount
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<Order total: {self.total():.2f} due: {self.due():.2f}>'
+        fmt = '<Order total: {:.2f} due: {:.2f}>'
+        return fmt.format(self.total(), self.due())
 
 
 @typelogged

11-pythonic-obj/private/expose.py

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env jython
+# NOTE: Jython is still Python 2.7 in late2020
+
 import Confidential
 
 message = Confidential('top secret text')
 secret_field = Confidential.getDeclaredField('secret')
 secret_field.setAccessible(True)  # break the lock!
-print('message.secret =', secret_field.get(message))
+print 'message.secret =', secret_field.get(message)

11-pythonic-obj/private/leakprivate.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env jython
+# NOTE: Jython is still Python 2.7 in late2020
+
 from java.lang.reflect import Modifier
 import Confidential
 
@@ -7,5 +10,5 @@ for field in fields:
     # list private fields only
     if Modifier.isPrivate(field.getModifiers()):
         field.setAccessible(True) # break the lock
-        print('field:', field)
+        print 'field:', field
-        print('\t', field.getName(), '=', field.get(message))
+        print '\t', field.getName(), '=', field.get(message)

11-pythonic-obj/private/no_respect.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env jython
+# NOTE: Jython is still Python 2.7 in late2020
+
 """
 In the Jython registry file there is this line:
 
@@ -13,4 +16,4 @@ message = Confidential('top secret text')
 for name in dir(message):
     attr = getattr(message, name)
     if not callable(attr):  # non-methods only
-        print(name + '\t=', attr)
+        print name + '\t=', attr

11-pythonic-obj/vector2d_v3_slots.py

@@ -83,8 +83,6 @@ Tests of hashing:
     >>> len({v1, v2})
     2
 
-# end::VECTOR2D_V3_DEMO[]
-
 """
 
 from array import array

12-seq-hacking/vector_v1.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+"""
+A multi-dimensional ``Vector`` class, take 1
+
+A ``Vector`` is built from an iterable of numbers::
+
+    >>> Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    >>> Vector((3, 4, 5))
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> Vector(range(10))
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+
+
+Tests with 2-dimensions (same results as ``vector2d_v1.py``)::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> x, y = v1
+    >>> x, y
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> octets = bytes(v1)
+    >>> octets
+    b'd\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08@\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x10@'
+    >>> abs(v1)
+    5.0
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Test of ``.frombytes()`` class method:
+
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests with 3-dimensions::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> x, y, z = v1
+    >>> x, y, z
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> abs(v1)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    7.071067811...
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Tests with many dimensions::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+    >>> abs(v7)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    9.53939201...
+
+
+Test of ``.__bytes__`` and ``.frombytes()`` methods::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+"""
+
+# tag::VECTOR_V1[]
+from array import array
+import reprlib
+import math
+
+
+class Vector:
+    typecode = 'd'
+
+    def __init__(self, components):
+        self._components = array(self.typecode, components)  # <1>
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._components)  # <2>
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        components = reprlib.repr(self._components)  # <3>
+        components = components[components.find('['):-1]  # <4>
+        return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(tuple(self))
+
+    def __bytes__(self):
+        return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) +
+                bytes(self._components))  # <5>
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self))  # <6>
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(abs(self))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombytes(cls, octets):
+        typecode = chr(octets[0])
+        memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
+        return cls(memv)  # <7>
+# end::VECTOR_V1[]

12-seq-hacking/vector_v2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+"""
+A multi-dimensional ``Vector`` class, take 2
+
+A ``Vector`` is built from an iterable of numbers::
+
+    >>> Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    >>> Vector((3, 4, 5))
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> Vector(range(10))
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+
+
+Tests with 2-dimensions (same results as ``vector2d_v1.py``)::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> x, y = v1
+    >>> x, y
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> octets = bytes(v1)
+    >>> octets
+    b'd\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08@\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x10@'
+    >>> abs(v1)
+    5.0
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Test of ``.frombytes()`` class method:
+
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests with 3-dimensions::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> x, y, z = v1
+    >>> x, y, z
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> abs(v1)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    7.071067811...
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Tests with many dimensions::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+    >>> abs(v7)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    9.53939201...
+
+
+Test of ``.__bytes__`` and ``.frombytes()`` methods::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests of sequence behavior::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> len(v1)
+    3
+    >>> v1[0], v1[len(v1)-1], v1[-1]
+    (3.0, 5.0, 5.0)
+
+
+Test of slicing::
+
+# tag::VECTOR_V2_DEMO[]
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7[-1]  # <1>
+    6.0
+    >>> v7[1:4]  # <2>
+    Vector([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    >>> v7[-1:]  # <3>
+    Vector([6.0])
+    >>> v7[1,2]  # <4>
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'tuple' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
+
+# end::VECTOR_V2_DEMO[]
+
+"""
+
+from array import array
+import reprlib
+import math
+import operator
+
+
+class Vector:
+    typecode = 'd'
+
+    def __init__(self, components):
+        self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._components)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
+        components = components[components.find('['):-1]
+        return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(tuple(self))
+
+    def __bytes__(self):
+        return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) +
+                bytes(self._components))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(abs(self))
+
+# tag::VECTOR_V2[]
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._components)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, slice):  # <1>
+            cls = type(self)  # <2>
+            return cls(self._components[key])  # <3>
+        index = operator.index(key)  # <4>
+        return self._components[index]  # <5>
+# end::VECTOR_V2[]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombytes(cls, octets):
+        typecode = chr(octets[0])
+        memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
+        return cls(memv)

12-seq-hacking/vector_v3.py

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+"""
+A multi-dimensional ``Vector`` class, take 3
+
+A ``Vector`` is built from an iterable of numbers::
+
+    >>> Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    >>> Vector((3, 4, 5))
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> Vector(range(10))
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+
+
+Tests with 2-dimensions (same results as ``vector2d_v1.py``)::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> x, y = v1
+    >>> x, y
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> octets = bytes(v1)
+    >>> octets
+    b'd\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08@\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x10@'
+    >>> abs(v1)
+    5.0
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Test of ``.frombytes()`` class method:
+
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests with 3-dimensions::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> x, y, z = v1
+    >>> x, y, z
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> abs(v1)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    7.071067811...
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Tests with many dimensions::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+    >>> abs(v7)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    9.53939201...
+
+
+Test of ``.__bytes__`` and ``.frombytes()`` methods::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests of sequence behavior::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> len(v1)
+    3
+    >>> v1[0], v1[len(v1)-1], v1[-1]
+    (3.0, 5.0, 5.0)
+
+
+Test of slicing::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7[-1]
+    6.0
+    >>> v7[1:4]
+    Vector([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    >>> v7[-1:]
+    Vector([6.0])
+    >>> v7[1,2]
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'tuple' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
+
+
+Tests of dynamic attribute access::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(10))
+    >>> v7.x
+    0.0
+    >>> v7.y, v7.z, v7.t
+    (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+
+
+Dynamic attribute lookup failures::
+
+    >>> v7.k
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 'k'
+    >>> v3 = Vector(range(3))
+    >>> v3.t
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 't'
+    >>> v3.spam
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 'spam'
+
+
+Tests of preventing attributes from 'a' to 'z'::
+
+    >>> v1.x = 7
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: readonly attribute 'x'
+    >>> v1.w = 7
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in 'Vector'
+
+Other attributes can be set::
+
+    >>> v1.X = 'albatross'
+    >>> v1.X
+    'albatross'
+    >>> v1.ni = 'Ni!'
+    >>> v1.ni
+    'Ni!'
+
+"""
+
+from array import array
+import reprlib
+import math
+import operator
+
+
+class Vector:
+    typecode = 'd'
+
+    def __init__(self, components):
+        self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._components)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
+        components = components[components.find('['):-1]
+        return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(tuple(self))
+
+    def __bytes__(self):
+        return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) +
+                bytes(self._components))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(abs(self))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._components)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            cls = type(self)
+            return cls(self._components[key])
+        index = operator.index(key)
+        return self._components[index]
+
+# tag::VECTOR_V3_GETATTR[]
+    shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        cls = type(self)  # <1>
+        if len(name) == 1:  # <2>
+            pos = cls.shortcut_names.find(name)  # <3>
+            if 0 <= pos < len(self._components):  # <4>
+                return self._components[pos]
+        msg = '{.__name__!r} object has no attribute {!r}'  # <5>
+        raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, name))
+# end::VECTOR_V3_GETATTR[]
+
+# tag::VECTOR_V3_SETATTR[]
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        cls = type(self)
+        if len(name) == 1:  # <1>
+            if name in cls.shortcut_names:  # <2>
+                error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'
+            elif name.islower():  # <3>
+                error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name!r}"
+            else:
+                error = ''  # <4>
+            if error:  # <5>
+                msg = error.format(cls_name=cls.__name__, attr_name=name)
+                raise AttributeError(msg)
+        super().__setattr__(name, value)  # <6>
+
+# end::VECTOR_V3_SETATTR[]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombytes(cls, octets):
+        typecode = chr(octets[0])
+        memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
+        return cls(memv)

12-seq-hacking/vector_v4.py

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+"""
+A multi-dimensional ``Vector`` class, take 4
+
+A ``Vector`` is built from an iterable of numbers::
+
+    >>> Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    >>> Vector((3, 4, 5))
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> Vector(range(10))
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+
+
+Tests with 2-dimensions (same results as ``vector2d_v1.py``)::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> x, y = v1
+    >>> x, y
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> octets = bytes(v1)
+    >>> octets
+    b'd\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08@\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x10@'
+    >>> abs(v1)
+    5.0
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Test of ``.frombytes()`` class method:
+
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests with 3-dimensions::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> x, y, z = v1
+    >>> x, y, z
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> abs(v1)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    7.071067811...
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Tests with many dimensions::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+    >>> abs(v7)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    9.53939201...
+
+
+Test of ``.__bytes__`` and ``.frombytes()`` methods::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests of sequence behavior::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> len(v1)
+    3
+    >>> v1[0], v1[len(v1)-1], v1[-1]
+    (3.0, 5.0, 5.0)
+
+
+Test of slicing::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7[-1]
+    6.0
+    >>> v7[1:4]
+    Vector([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    >>> v7[-1:]
+    Vector([6.0])
+    >>> v7[1,2]
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'tuple' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
+
+
+Tests of dynamic attribute access::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(10))
+    >>> v7.x
+    0.0
+    >>> v7.y, v7.z, v7.t
+    (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+
+Dynamic attribute lookup failures::
+
+    >>> v7.k
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 'k'
+    >>> v3 = Vector(range(3))
+    >>> v3.t
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 't'
+    >>> v3.spam
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 'spam'
+
+
+Tests of hashing::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> v2 = Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    >>> v3 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> v6 = Vector(range(6))
+    >>> hash(v1), hash(v3), hash(v6)
+    (7, 2, 1)
+
+
+Most hash codes of non-integers vary from a 32-bit to 64-bit CPython build::
+
+    >>> import sys
+    >>> hash(v2) == (384307168202284039 if sys.maxsize > 2**32 else 357915986)
+    True
+
+"""
+
+from array import array
+import reprlib
+import math
+import functools
+import operator
+
+
+class Vector:
+    typecode = 'd'
+
+    def __init__(self, components):
+        self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._components)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
+        components = components[components.find('['):-1]
+        return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(tuple(self))
+
+    def __bytes__(self):
+        return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) +
+                bytes(self._components))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (len(self) == len(other) and
+                all(a == b for a, b in zip(self, other)))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        hashes = (hash(x) for x in self)
+        return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(abs(self))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._components)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            cls = type(self)
+            return cls(self._components[key])
+        index = operator.index(key)
+        return self._components[index]
+
+    shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        cls = type(self)
+        if len(name) == 1:
+            pos = cls.shortcut_names.find(name)
+            if 0 <= pos < len(self._components):
+                return self._components[pos]
+        msg = '{.__name__!r} object has no attribute {!r}'
+        raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, name))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombytes(cls, octets):
+        typecode = chr(octets[0])
+        memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
+        return cls(memv)

12-seq-hacking/vector_v5.py

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+# tag::VECTOR_V5[]
+"""
+A multidimensional ``Vector`` class, take 5
+
+A ``Vector`` is built from an iterable of numbers::
+
+    >>> Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    >>> Vector((3, 4, 5))
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> Vector(range(10))
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+
+
+Tests with two dimensions (same results as ``vector2d_v1.py``)::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> x, y = v1
+    >>> x, y
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0)
+    >>> octets = bytes(v1)
+    >>> octets
+    b'd\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08@\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x10@'
+    >>> abs(v1)
+    5.0
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Test of ``.frombytes()`` class method:
+
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests with three dimensions::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> x, y, z = v1
+    >>> x, y, z
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> v1
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+    >>> print(v1)
+    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
+    >>> abs(v1)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    7.071067811...
+    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector([0, 0, 0]))
+    (True, False)
+
+
+Tests with many dimensions::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7
+    Vector([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, ...])
+    >>> abs(v7)  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    9.53939201...
+
+
+Test of ``.__bytes__`` and ``.frombytes()`` methods::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> v1_clone = Vector.frombytes(bytes(v1))
+    >>> v1_clone
+    Vector([3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
+    >>> v1 == v1_clone
+    True
+
+
+Tests of sequence behavior::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> len(v1)
+    3
+    >>> v1[0], v1[len(v1)-1], v1[-1]
+    (3.0, 5.0, 5.0)
+
+
+Test of slicing::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(7))
+    >>> v7[-1]
+    6.0
+    >>> v7[1:4]
+    Vector([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    >>> v7[-1:]
+    Vector([6.0])
+    >>> v7[1,2]
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'tuple' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
+
+
+Tests of dynamic attribute access::
+
+    >>> v7 = Vector(range(10))
+    >>> v7.x
+    0.0
+    >>> v7.y, v7.z, v7.t
+    (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+
+Dynamic attribute lookup failures::
+
+    >>> v7.k
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 'k'
+    >>> v3 = Vector(range(3))
+    >>> v3.t
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 't'
+    >>> v3.spam
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: 'Vector' object has no attribute 'spam'
+
+
+Tests of hashing::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> v2 = Vector([3.1, 4.2])
+    >>> v3 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> v6 = Vector(range(6))
+    >>> hash(v1), hash(v3), hash(v6)
+    (7, 2, 1)
+
+
+Most hash codes of non-integers vary from a 32-bit to 64-bit CPython build::
+
+    >>> import sys
+    >>> hash(v2) == (384307168202284039 if sys.maxsize > 2**32 else 357915986)
+    True
+
+
+Tests of ``format()`` with Cartesian coordinates in 2D::
+
+    >>> v1 = Vector([3, 4])
+    >>> format(v1)
+    '(3.0, 4.0)'
+    >>> format(v1, '.2f')
+    '(3.00, 4.00)'
+    >>> format(v1, '.3e')
+    '(3.000e+00, 4.000e+00)'
+
+
+Tests of ``format()`` with Cartesian coordinates in 3D and 7D::
+
+    >>> v3 = Vector([3, 4, 5])
+    >>> format(v3)
+    '(3.0, 4.0, 5.0)'
+    >>> format(Vector(range(7)))
+    '(0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0)'
+
+
+Tests of ``format()`` with spherical coordinates in 2D, 3D and 4D::
+
+    >>> format(Vector([1, 1]), 'h')  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    '<1.414213..., 0.785398...>'
+    >>> format(Vector([1, 1]), '.3eh')
+    '<1.414e+00, 7.854e-01>'
+    >>> format(Vector([1, 1]), '0.5fh')
+    '<1.41421, 0.78540>'
+    >>> format(Vector([1, 1, 1]), 'h')  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    '<1.73205..., 0.95531..., 0.78539...>'
+    >>> format(Vector([2, 2, 2]), '.3eh')
+    '<3.464e+00, 9.553e-01, 7.854e-01>'
+    >>> format(Vector([0, 0, 0]), '0.5fh')
+    '<0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000>'
+    >>> format(Vector([-1, -1, -1, -1]), 'h')  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
+    '<2.0, 2.09439..., 2.18627..., 3.92699...>'
+    >>> format(Vector([2, 2, 2, 2]), '.3eh')
+    '<4.000e+00, 1.047e+00, 9.553e-01, 7.854e-01>'
+    >>> format(Vector([0, 1, 0, 0]), '0.5fh')
+    '<1.00000, 1.57080, 0.00000, 0.00000>'
+"""
+
+from array import array
+import reprlib
+import math
+import functools
+import operator
+import itertools  # <1>
+
+
+class Vector:
+    typecode = 'd'
+
+    def __init__(self, components):
+        self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._components)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
+        components = components[components.find('['):-1]
+        return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(tuple(self))
+
+    def __bytes__(self):
+        return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) +
+                bytes(self._components))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (len(self) == len(other) and
+                all(a == b for a, b in zip(self, other)))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        hashes = (hash(x) for x in self)
+        return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(abs(self))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._components)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            cls = type(self)
+            return cls(self._components[key])
+        index = operator.index(key)
+        return self._components[index]
+
+    shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        cls = type(self)
+        if len(name) == 1:
+            pos = cls.shortcut_names.find(name)
+            if 0 <= pos < len(self._components):
+                return self._components[pos]
+        msg = '{.__name__!r} object has no attribute {!r}'
+        raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, name))
+
+    def angle(self, n):  # <2>
+        r = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self[n:]))
+        a = math.atan2(r, self[n-1])
+        if (n == len(self) - 1) and (self[-1] < 0):
+            return math.pi * 2 - a
+        else:
+            return a
+
+    def angles(self):  # <3>
+        return (self.angle(n) for n in range(1, len(self)))
+
+    def __format__(self, fmt_spec=''):
+        if fmt_spec.endswith('h'):  # hyperspherical coordinates
+            fmt_spec = fmt_spec[:-1]
+            coords = itertools.chain([abs(self)],
+                                     self.angles())  # <4>
+            outer_fmt = '<{}>'  # <5>
+        else:
+            coords = self
+            outer_fmt = '({})'  # <6>
+        components = (format(c, fmt_spec) for c in coords)  # <7>
+        return outer_fmt.format(', '.join(components))  # <8>
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombytes(cls, octets):
+        typecode = chr(octets[0])
+        memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
+        return cls(memv)
+# end::VECTOR_V5[]