# Modern C++ Programming
<p align="center">
<img src="other/cpp_logo.png" />
</p>
<p align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/releases" alt="Release">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge"/>
</a>
</p>
<p align="center">
<a alt="Stars">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/github/stars/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge"/>
</a>
<a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/network/members" alt="Forks">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/github/forks/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge"/>
</a>
</p>
<p align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/commits/master" alt="Commits">
<img src="https://badgen.net/github/commits/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge&scale=1.2"/>
</a>
</p>
<p align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/issues" alt="Issues">
<img src="https://badgen.net/github/closed-issues/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge&scale=1.2"/>
</a>
</p>
## C++03 / C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / C++20 / C++23 / C++26
This *open-access* course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming aiming for a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts.
**Key features**:
- *Free and frequently updated*
- *29 lectures, 2000+ slides*
- Includes the *latest language standard* concepts and features
- *Practical teaching*: non-verbose, short structured descriptions associated with code
- *Minimal code examples* for showing just a specific feature or issue without digressing
- *Complementary language aspects*: tools, coding conventions, project organization, and code optimization
- *Experience-based*: many aspects, examples, and problems come from real-world cases faced during my work as a software engineer
*If you enjoy the course or you find it useful*, please add a **Star**
[](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming)
**Roadmap**:
1. Move from Latex to [Typst](https://typst.app/).
2. Fully-open source the material and allow direct contribution.
## Table of Contents
- [Chapters](#chapters)
- [Topics in Details](#topics-in-details)
- [Reporting Bugs 🐛 and Contributing](#reporting-bugs--and-contributing)
- [Where the Course has been used](#where-the-course-has-been-used)
- [Author](#author)
## CHAPTERS
| # | TITLE | MAIN FOCUS |
| ------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **1** | [**Introduction**](01.Introduction.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/01.Introduction.html)) | History of C/C++, Areas of applications, Course introduction |
| **2** | [**Preparation**](02.Preparation.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/02.Preparation.html)) | Books, How to compile, Hello world |
| **3** | [**Basic Concepts I**](03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/03.Basic_Concepts_I.html)) | Type System, Fundamental types, and Operators |
| **4** | [**Basic Concepts II**](04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/04.Basic_Concepts_II.html)) | Integral and Floating-point types and their arithmetic |
| **5** | [**Basic Concepts III**](05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/05.Basic_Concepts_III.html)) | Entities, Enumerators, Structures, Control flow statements |
| **6** | [**Basic Concepts IV**](06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.html)) | Heap, Stack, Pointers, References, Const properties, Conversion operators |
| **7** | [**Basic Concepts V**](07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/07.Basic_Concepts_V.html)) | Functions, Lambda expressions, Preprocessing directives |
| **8** | [**Basic Concepts VI**](08.Basic_Concepts_VI.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/08.Basic_Concepts_VI.html)) | Functions, Lambda expressions, Preprocessing directives |
| **9** | [**Object-Oriented Programming I**](09.Object_Oriented_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/09.Object_Oriented_I.html)) | Class hierarchy, Constructor, Destructor, Class keywords |
| **10** | [**Object Oriented Programming II**](10.Object_Oriented_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/10.Object_Oriented_II.html)) | Polymorphism, Operators overloading |
| **11** | [**Templates and Meta-programming I**](11.Templates_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/11.Templates_I.html)) | Function template, Type traits, Compile-time utilities |
| **12** | [**Templates and Meta-programming II**](12.Templates_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/12.Templates_II.html)) | Class template, SFINAE |
| **13** | [**Translation Units I**](13.Translation_Units_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/13.Translation_Units_I.html)) | Linkage and One Definition Rule |
| **14** | [**Translation Units II**](14.Translation_Units_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/14.Translation_Units_II.html)) | Dealing with multiple translation units and files,`#include`, Modules |
| **15** | [**Code Conventions I**](15.Code_Convention_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/15.Code_Convention_I.html)) | Project organization, Code conventions intro, Entities conventions |
| **16** | [**Code Conventions II**](16.Code_Convention_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/16.Code_Convention_II.html)) | Template, Namespace, Modern C++, Maintainability, Naming, and Formatting conventions |
| **17** | [**Debugging and Testing**](17.Debugging.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/17.Debugging.html)) | Execution/memory debugging, Sanitizers, Hardening techniques, Unit tests, Test-Driven Development |
| **18** | [**Ecosystem**](18.Ecosystem.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/18.Ecosystem.html)) | Cmake, Documenting, and Other Tools |
| **19** | [**Utilities**](19.Utilities.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/19.Utilities.html)) | Main `std` libraries |
| **20** | [**Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms**](20.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/20.Iterators_Containers_Alg.html)) | Containers, Iterators, Algorithms, Ranges |
| **21** | [**Advanced Topics I**](21.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/21.Advanced_Topics_I.html)) | Move semantics, Universal reference, Type deduction |
| **22** | [**Advanced Topics II**](22.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/22.Advanced_Topics_II.html)) | Error handling, C++ idioms, Smart pointers |
| **23** | [**Performance Optimizations I**](23.Optimization_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/23.Optimization_I.html)) | Amdahl's Law, Performance bounds, Architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), Memory hierarchy |
| **24** | [**Performance Optimizations II**](24.Optimization_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/24.Optimization_II.html)) | Arithmetic optimizations, Memory optimizations, etc. |
| **25** | [**Performance Optimizations III**](25.Optimization_III.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/25.Optimization_III.html)) | Compiler optimizations, Profiling, Benchmarking tools |
| **26** | [**Software Design I**](26.Software_Design_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/26.Software_Design_I.html)) | Basic Concepts, Principles, Use cases |
| **27** | [**Software Design II**](27.Software_Design_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/27.Software_Design_II.html)) | Design Patterns and Idioms |
| **28** | [**Binary Size**](28.Binary_Size.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/28.Binary_Size.html)) | Binary size aspects |
| **29** | [**Build Time**](29.Build_time.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/29.Build_time.html)) | Build time aspects |
***ALL-IN-ONE BOOK***: [**modern-cpp.pdf**](modern-cpp.pdf) (could be a few commits behind), [html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/modern-cpp.html)
## TOPICS IN DETAILS
**[1. Introduction](01.Introduction.pdf)**
* **A Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages**.
* **Areas of Application and Popularity**.
* **C++ Philosophy**.
* **C++ Weakness**: C++ alternatives, Why switching to a new language is hard?.
* **The Course**.
**[2. Preparation](02.Preparation.pdf)**
- **Books and References**.
- **Slide Legend**.
- **What Editor/ IDE/Compiler Should I Use?**.
- **How to compile?**.
- **Hello World**: I/O Stream.
**[3. Basic Concepts I - Type System, Fundamental Types, and Operators](03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)**
* **The C++ Type System**: Type categories, Type properties.
* **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, `nullptr`.
* **`auto` Keyword**.
* **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement semantic, Assignment, compound, and comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>`.
**[4. Basic Concepts II - Integral Types](04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)**
* **Integral Data Types**: Suffix and Prefix, Fixed width integers, `size_t`, `ptrdiff_t`, `uintptr_t`.
* **Arithmetic Operation Semantics**: Saturation Arithmetic.
* **Integer Undefined behavior**: Signed overflow, Other cases.
* **Integer Conversion Rules**: Same size conversion, Integer conversion rule, Arithmetic operation promotion rules, Safe comparison functions, Arithmetic operation special cases.
**[5. Basic Concepts III - Floating-point Types](05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
* **Floating-point Types**: Suffix, IEEE Floating-point standard and other representations, Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (`NaN`), Machine Epsilon, Units at the Last Place (ULP), Cheatsheet, Limits and useful functions, Arithmetic properties, Special values behavior, Undefined behavior, Detect floating-point errors.
* **Floating-point Issues**: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison.
**[6. Basic Concepts IV - Entities and Control Flow](06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
* **Entities**.
* **Declaration and Definition**.
* **Enumerators**.
* **`struct`, Bitfield, `union`**: `struct`, Anonymous and unnamed `struct`, Bitfield, `union`.
* **Control Flow**: `if` statement, `for` and `while` loops, Range-based `for` loop, `switch`, Initializing statement, `goto`, Avoid unused variable warning.
* **Namespace**: Explicit global namespace, namespace alias, `using`-declaration, `using namespace`-directive, `inline` namespace.
* **Attributes**: `[[nodiscard]]`, `[[indeterminate]]`, `[[maybe_unused]]`, `[[deprecated]]`, `[[noreturn]]`.
**[7. Basic Concepts V - Memory Concepts](07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf)**
* **Pointers**: Pointer operations, Address-of operator `&`, `struct` member access, `void` pointer, Pointer conversion, Pointer arithmetic, Wild and dangling pointers.
* **Fixed-size Array**.
* **References**.
* **Heap and Stack**: Stack memory, `new`, `delete`, Non-allocating placement allocation, Non-throwing allocation, Memory leak.
* **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Array initialization, Structure initialization, Structure binding, Dynamic memory initialization.
* **`Const` and Constant Expressions**: Constants and literals, `const`, `constexpr`, `constexpr` Variables, `constexpr` Functions, `constexpr` objects, `consteval`, `constinit`.
* **Conditional Constant Expressions**:
* `if constexpr`, `std::is constant evaluated()`, `if consteval`.
* **`volatile` Keyword**.
* **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type punning, `std::bit_cast`, Uniform initialization conversion, `gls::narrow_cast`.
* **`sizeof` and `alignof` Operators**: `sizeof`, `alignof`, `sizeof/alignof` operator applied to `struct`, `[[no_unique_address]]`.
**[8. Basic Concepts VI - Functions and Preprocessing](08.Basic_Concepts_VI.pdf)**
* **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and overloading, Overloading and `=delete`, Default parameters.
* **Function Pointer and Function Objects**.
* **Lambda Expressions**: Capture list, Lambda expression and function relation, Parameter notes, Composability, Recursion, `constexpr/consteval`, `template`, `mutable`, Capture list and classes.
* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Source location macros, Conditional compiling macros, Stringizing operator (`#`), `#error` and `#warning`, `#pragma`, Token-pasting operator `##`, Variadic macro.
**[9. Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](09.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
* **C++ Classes**: RAII idiom.
* **Class Hierarchy**.
* **Access specifiers**: Inheritance access specifiers, When use `public/protected/private` for data members?.
* **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization for objects, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword.
* **Copy Constructor**.
* **Class Destructor**.
* **Defaulted Constructors, Destructor, and Operators (`= default`)**.
* **Class Keywords**: `this`, `static`, `const`, `mutable`, `using`, `friend`, `delete`.
**[10. Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](10.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
* **Polymorphism**: C++ mechanisms for polymorphism, `virtual` methods, Virtual table, `override` keyword, `final` keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface.
* **Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification**.
* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>`, Subscript operator `[]`, Multidimensional subscript operator `[]`, Function call operator `()`, static operator `[]` and operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator notes.
* **C++ Object Layout**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy.
**[11. Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](11.Templates_I.pdf)**
* **Function Template**: Overview, Template instantiation, Template parameters, Template parameter - default value, Overloading, Specialization.
* **Template Variable**.
* **Template Parameter Types**: Generic type notes, `auto` placeholder, Function type.
* **Compile-Time Utilities**: `static_assert`, `using` keyword, `decltype` keyword.
* **Type Traits**: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation.
**[12. Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE](12.Templates_II.pdf)**
* **Class Template**: Class specialization, Class template constructor.
* **Constructor template automatic deduction (CTAD)**.
* **Class Template - Advanced Concepts**: Class + Function - specialization, Dependent names - `typename` and `template` keywords, Class template hierarchy and `using`, `friend` keyword, Template template arguments.
* **Template Meta-Programming**.
* **SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error**: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE.
* **Variadic Template**: Homogeneous variadic parameters, Folding expression, Variadic class template.
* **C++20 Concepts**: Overview, `concept` keyword, `requires` clause, `requires` expression, `requires` expression + clause, `requires` clause + expression, `requires` and `constexpr`, Nested `requires`.
* **Template Debugging**.
**[13. Translation Units I - Linkage and One Definition Rule](13.Translation_Units_I.pdf)**
* **Basic Concepts**: Translation unit, Local and global scope, Linkage, Visibility.
* **Storage Class and Duration**: Storage duration, Storage class, `static` keyword, Anonymous namespace, `extern` keyword.
* **Linkage of `const` and `constexpr`**: Static initialization order fiasco.
* **Linkage Summary**.
* **Dealing with Multiple Translation Units**: Class in multiple translation units.
* **One Definition Rule (ODR)**: Global variable issues, ODR - Point 3, `inline` functions/variables, `constexpr` and `inline`.
* **ODR - Function Template**: Cases, `extern` keyword.
* **ODR - Class Template**: Cases, `extern` keyword.
* **ODR Undefined Behavior and Summary**.
**[14. Translation Units II - Include, Module, and Namespace](14.Translation_Units_II.pdf)**
- **`#include` Issues**: Include guard, Forward declaration, Circular dependencies, Common linking errors.
- **C++20 Modules**: Overview, Terminology, Visibility and reachability, Module unit types, Keywords, Global module fragment, Private module fragment, Header module unit, Module partitions.
- **Compiling Multiple Translation Units**: Fundamental compiler flags, Compile methods.
- **Libraries in C++**: Static library, Build static libraries, Using static libraries, Dynamic library, Build dynamic libraries, Using dynamic libraries, Application binary interface (ABI), Demangling, Find Dynamic library dependencies, Analyze object/executable symbols.
**[15. Code Conventions I](15.Code_Convention_I.pdf)**
* **C++ Project Organization**: Project directories, Project files, "Common" project organization notes, Alternative - "Canonical" project organization.
* **Coding Styles and Conventions**: Overview, Popular coding styles.
* **Header Files and `#include`**: `#include` guard, `#include` syntax, Order of `#include`, Common header/source filename conventions.
* **Preprocessing**: Macro, Preprocessing statements.
* **Variables**: `static` global variables, conversions.
* **Enumerators**.
* **Arithmetic Types**: Signed vs. unsigned integral types, integral types conversion, Integral types: size and other issues, Floating-point types.
* **Functions**: Function parameters, Function arguments, function return values, Function specifiers, lambda expressions.
* **Structs and Classes**: `struct` vs. `class`, Initialization, Braced initializer lists, Special member functions, `=default`, `=delete`, Other issues, Inheritance, Style.
**[16. Code Conventions II](16.Code_Convention_II.pdf)**
- **`auto`**.
- **Templates and Type Deduction**.
- **Control Flow**: Redundant control flow, `if/else`, Comparison, `switch`, `for/while`.
- **Namespace**: `using namespace` directive, Anonymous/unnamed namespace, Namespace and class design, Style.
- **Modern C++ Features**: Keywords, Features, Class, Library.
- **Maintainability**: Code comprehension, Functions, Template and deduction, Library.
- **Portability**.
- **Naming**: Entities, Variables, Functions, Style conventions, Enforcing naming styles.
- **Readability and Formatting**: Horizontal spacing, Pointers/References, Vertical spacing, Braces, Type decorators, Reduce code verbosity, Other issues.
- **Code Documentation**: Function documentation, Comment syntax, File documentation.
**[17. Debugging and Testing](17.Debugging.pdf)**
* **Debugging Overview**: Errors, defects, and failures, Cost of software defects, Software defects classification,Program error and classification, Software defect analysis.
* **Assertions**: Run-time assertions, Contracts, `std::stacktrace`.
* **Execution debugging**: Breakpoints, Watchpoints / Catchpoints, Control flow, Stack and info, Print, Disassemble, `std::breakpoint`.
* **Memory Debugging**: `valgrind`.
* **Hardening Techniques**: Stack usage, Standard C library hardening, Standard C++ library hardening,Undefined behavior protections, Control flow protections.
* **Sanitizers**: Address sanitizer, Leak sanitizer, Memory sanitizers, Undefined behavior sanitizer, Type Sanitizer, Sampling-based sanitizer.
* **Debugging Summary**.
* **Compiler Warnings**.
* **Static Analysis**: Compiler-provided static analyzers, Open-source static analyzers, Proprietary static analyzers.
* **Code Testing**: Unit testing, Test-Driven Development (TDD), Code coverage, Fuzz testing.
* **Code Quality**: `clang-tidy`.
* **Code Complexity**: Cyclomatic complexity, Cognitive complexity.
**[18. Ecosystem - Cmake and Other Tools](18.Ecosystem.pdf)**
- **CMake**: `cmake` and `ctest`
- **Code Documentation**: `doxygen`, Alternatives.
- **Online Tools**: AI-Powered code completion/IDE, Compilation and execution, Code transformation, Code benchmarking,
Code search engine.
- **Offline Tools**: Code formatting, Code statistics, AST diff, Project visualization, Local code search, AST search,
Font for coding.
**[19. Utilities](19.Utilities.pdf)**
* **View Introduction and `std::span`**.
* **`std::mdspan`**: `std::extends`, Layout, `std::layout_right`, `std::layout_left`, `std::layout_stride`, `std::layout_right_padded`, `std::layout_left_padded`, Accessor.
* **Strings and `std::print`**: `std::string`, Conversion from/to numeric values, `std::string_view`, `std::format`, `std::print`.
* **Math Libraries**: `<cmath>` Math Library, `<limits>` Numerical Limits, `<numbers>` Mathematical Constants.
* **Random Number**: Basic concepts, C++ `<random>`, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Recent algorithms and Performance, Quasi-random, True Random Number Generator (TRNG).
* **Time Measuring**: Wall-Clock time, User time, System time
* **Std Class Templates**: `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::variant`, `std::optional`, `std::any`.
* **Filesystem Library**: Query methods, Modify methods.
**[20. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](20.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)**
* **Containers and Iterators**: Semantic.
* **Sequence Containers**: `std::array`, `std::vector`, `std::deque`, `std::list`, `std::forward_list`.
* **Associative Containers**: `std::set`, `std::map`, `std::multiset`.
* **Container Adaptors**: `std::stack`, `std::queue`, `std::priority_queue`.
* **Implement a Custom Iterator**: Implement a simple Iterator.
* **Iterator Notes**.
* **Iterator Utility Methods**: `std::advance`, `std::next`, `std::prev`, `std::distance`, Container access methods, Iterator traits.
* **Algorithms Library**: `std::find_if`, `std::sort`, `std::accumulate`, `std::generate`, `std::remove_if`.
* **C++20 Ranges**: Key concepts, Range view, Range adaptor, Range factory, Range algorithms, Range actions.
**[21. Advanced Topics I](21.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf)**
* **Move Semantic**: `lvalues` and `rvalues` references, Move semantic, `std::move`, Class declaration semantic.
* **Universal Reference and Perfect Forwarding**: Universal reference, Reference collapsing rules, Perfect forwarding.
* **Value Categories**.
* **`&`, `&&` Ref-qualifiers and `volatile` Overloading**.
* **Copy Elision and RVO**.
* **Type Deduction**: Pass by-reference, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-value, `auto` deduction, `auto(x)`: Decay-copy.
* **`const` Correctness**.
**[22. Advanced Topics II](22.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf)**
- **Undefined Behavior**: Illegal behavior, Platform specific behavior, unspecified behavior, Detecting undefined behavior.
- **Error Handling**: Recoverable error handling, Return code, C++ Exceptions, Defining custom exceptions, `noexcept` keyword, Memory allocation issues, Return code and exception summary, `std::expected`, Alternative error handling approaches.
- **Smart pointers**: `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, `std::weak_ptr`.
- **Concurrency**: Thread methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism.
**[23. Optimization I - Basic Concepts](23.Optimization_I.pdf)**
* **Introduction**: Moore's Law, Moore's Law limitations, Reasons for optimizing.
* **Basic Concepts**: Asymptotic complexity, Time-Memory trade-off, Developing cycle, Amdahl's Law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance bounds, Arithmetic intensity.
* **Basic Architecture Concepts**: Instruction throughput (IPC), In-Order, and Out-of-Order Execution, Instruction pipelining, Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), Little's law, Data-level parallelism (DLP) and vector instructions (SIMD), Thread-level parallelism (TLP), Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT), RISC, CISC instruction sets.
* **Memory Hierarchy**: Memory hierarchy concepts, Memory locality, Core-to-core latency and thread affinity, Memory ordering model.
**[24. Optimization II - Code Optimization](24.Optimization_II.pdf)**
* **I/O Operations**: `printf`, Memory mapped I/O, Speed up raw data loading.
* **Memory Optimizations**: Heap memory, Stack memory, `constexpr` vs. `static constexpr`, Cache utilization, Memory alignment, Memory Prefetch.
* **Arithmetic Types**: Data types, Arithmetic operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a range, Lookup table.
* **Control Flow**: Branches, Branch Hints - `[[likely]]` / `[[unlikely]]`, Signed/Unsigned integers, Loops, Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Assertions, Compiler hints `[[assume]]/std::unreachable()`, Recursion.
* **Functions**: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function inlining, Pure functions, Constant functions, Pointer aliasing.
* **Object-Oriented Programming**.
* **Standard Library and Other Language Aspects**.
**[25. Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking](25.Optimization_III.pdf)**
* **Compiler Optimizations**: About the compiler, Compiler optimization flags, Floating-point optimization flags, Linker optimization flags, Architecture flags, Help the compiler to produce better code, Profile-guided optimization (PGO and AutoFDO), Post-processing binary optimizer, Polyhedral optimizations.
* **Compiler Transformation Techniques**: Basic transformations, Loop unswitching, Loop fusion, Loop fission, Loop interchange, Loop tiling.
* **Libraries and Data Structures**.
* **Performance Benchmarking**: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Metric evaluation.
* **Stable Performance Measurement**: Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Multi-thread considerations, Operating system considerations, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead, Compiler optimizations.
* **Profiling**: `gprof`, `uftrace`, `callgrind`, `cachegrind`, `perf` Linux profiler.
* **Parallel Computing**: Concurrency vs. parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson's Law, Parallel programming languages.
**[26. Software Design I - Basic Concepts (DRAFT)](26.Software_Design_I.pdf)**
- **Books and References**.
- **Basic Concepts**: Abstraction, interface, and module, Class Invariant.
- **Software Design Principles**: Separation of concern, Low coupling, high cohesion, Encapsulation and information hiding, Design by contract, Problem decomposition, Code reuse.
- **Software Complexity**: Software entropy, Technical debt.
- **The SOLID Design Principles**.
- **Class Design**: The class interface principle, Member functions vs. free functions, namespace functions vs. class static methods.
- **BLAS GEMM Case Study**.
- **Owning Objects and Views**.
- **Value vs. Reference Semantics**.
- **Global Variables**.
**[27. Software Design II - Design Patterns and Idioms (DRAFT)](27.Software_Design_II.pdf)**
- **C++ Idioms**: Rule of Zero, Rule of Three, Rule of Five.
- **Design Pattern**: Singleton, Pointer to IMPLementation (PIMPL), Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP), Template virtual functions.
**[28. Binary Size](28.Binary_Size.pdf)**
- **Binary Size Introduction**:
- **Compiler and Linker Techniques**: Optimization flags, Debugging and runtime information flags, Symbol visibility, Exceptions flags, Linker flags, Link-Time Optimization (LTO), CMake support.
- **Coding Aspects**: Function Inlining, Function Visibility, Templates, Static Storage Duration, Linkage, Polymorphic classes, Exceptions, Header Inclusion.
- **Binary Size Tools**: `nm` and `objdump`, `Bloaty`, Executable packer.
**[29. Build Time](29.Build_time.pdf)**
- **Compile Time Introduction**: The importance of build time, Causes of long build time.
- **Compiler Aspects**: Compiler flags, Optimized compiler builds.
- **C++ Standard Version**.
- **Precompiled Header (PCH)**.
- **Linker Aspects**: Link-Time Optimization (LTO), Thin Link-Time Optimization (ThinLTO), Main linkers, Linker flags.
- **Unity Build**.
- **Tools for Reducing Build Time**: `ninja`, Compiler cache, Distributed compilation, RAM disk, `Include-What-You-Use (IWYU)`.
- **Function Inlining**.
- **Template**: Template metaprogramming cost, `extern` template, `constexpr` variable vs. template structure + `static` Data member, Tag dispatching, Fold expressions, C++20 concepts, `auto`, `using` type aliasing.
- **Other Aspects**: C++20 modules, Overload resolution, other code aspects, Pointer Implementation (PIMPL), Include guard vs. `#pragma once`, Static vs. dynamic linking, Comments and formatting, External factors.
- **Tools to Analyze Build Time**: Clang build-time analysis, `ninjatracing`, `Templight`, `Build Bench`, Visual Studio - `CompileScore`, Visual Studio - `C++ Build Insights`.
## Reporting Bugs 🐛 and Contributing
If you find any typo, conceptual error, or section to improve, please report it using the `Issues` panel.
## Where the Course has been used
The **Modern C++ Programming** course was created in 2018 and adopted by the [University of Verona](https://www.univr.it/en/university), Italy. It is taught as part of the Bachelor's and Master's degree programmes in Computer Science, for three and two years respectively. The course has also been used to train interns at NVIDIA.
*Have you adopted the course, or are you interested in using it in certain contexts?* If so, please get in touch so that I can keep track of usage. I'm also willing to share the LaTeX source code (the Tyst version will be open-sourced on GitHub soon).
## Author
`Federico Busato`, [federico-busato.github.io](https://federico-busato.github.io/)
- 🌐 LinkedIn: [www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/)
- 🦋 Bluesky: [fbusato.bsky.social](https://bsky.app/profile/fbusato.bsky.social)