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url: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/hands-on-github-actions/9781484264645/html/502534_1_En_3_Chapter.xhtml
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<meta data-react-helmet=true property=og:image content=https://learning.oreilly.com/covers/urn:orm:book:9781484264645/><meta data-react-helmet=true name=twitter:image content=https://learning.oreilly.com/covers/urn:orm:book:9781484264645/><meta data-react-helmet=true name=twitter:card content=summary><meta data-react-helmet=true name=twitter:creator content=@OReillyMedia><meta data-react-helmet=true name=twitter:site content=@OReillyMedia><meta data-react-helmet=true name=twitter:title content="O'Reilly Media - Technology and Business Training"><meta data-react-helmet=true property=twitter:account_id content=4503599627559754><meta data-react-helmet=true property=og:site_name content="O'Reilly Online Learning"><meta data-react-helmet=true name=publisher content=Apress><meta data-react-helmet=true property=og:book:author itemprop=author content="Chaminda Chandrasekara"><meta data-react-helmet=true property=og:book:author itemprop=author content="Pushpa Herath"><meta data-react-helmet=true property=og:type content=book><meta data-react-helmet=true property=og:book:isbn itemprop=isbn content=9781484264645>
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<title>3. Variables | Hands-on GitHub Actions: Implement CI/CD with GitHub Action Workflows for Your Applications</title>
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</span> lets you create a new variable or change an existing variable's value. However, the variable created or value changed is not visible in the current action or the step. It is only available in subsequent steps or actions in the job. To set the value of a variable or create a new variable, you can use the following syntax.<div class=ProgramCode id=PC8><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine>echo "::set-env name=varname::varvalue"</div></div></div></div><div class=Para id=Par12>You can set the variable <span class=EmphasisFontCategoryNonProportional>user_name</span> value to a different value, as shown in the following example.<div class=ProgramCode id=PC9><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine>echo "::set-env name=user_name::Chandrasekara"</div></div></div></div><div class=Para id=Par13>The following example of a full workflow can be used for further reference.<div class=ProgramCode id=PC10><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine>name: VariableDemo</div></div><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine>on: [push]</div><div class=FixedLine>env:</div><div class=FixedLine> user_name: "Chaminda"</div><div class=FixedLine> demo_name: "Variable Demo"</div></div><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine>jobs:</div><div class=FixedLine> VariableUsageJob:</div><div class=FixedLine> runs-on: ubuntu-latest</div><div class=FixedLine> env:</div><div class=FixedLine> job_var1: "job variable value"</div><div class=FixedLine> steps:</div><div class=FixedLine> - name: Using Workflow Variables</div><div class=FixedLine> run: echo Hello, $user_name!</div><div class=FixedLine> Welcome to $demo_name!!!</div><div class=FixedLine> here is job var1 $job_var1</div><div class=FixedLine> here is step var1 $step_var1</div><div class=FixedLine> env:</div><div class=FixedLine> step_var1: "Step Variable Value"</div></div><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine> - name: Set user_name Varaible</div><div class=FixedLine> run: echo "::set-env name=user_name::Chandrasekara"</div></div><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine> - name: Set new_var Varaible</div><div class=FixedLine> run: echo "::set-env name=new_var::newvarvalue"</div></div><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine> - name: Using Variables</div><div class=FixedLine> run: echo Hello, $user_name!</div><div class=FixedLine> Welcome to $demo_name!!!</div><div class=FixedLine> here is job var1 $job_var1</div><div class=FixedLine> here is new_var $new_var</div></div></div></div><p class=Para id=Par14>This section identified the options to define custom environment variables in a GitHub Actions workflow with syntax references. It explained how to use the variables in the workflow steps or actions. Additionally, it looked at how to change a variable value or create a variable via an action using the <span class=EmphasisFontCategoryNonProportional>set-env</span> command.</p></section></section><section class="Section1 RenderAsSection1" id=Sec6><h2 class=Heading>Default Variables</h2><div class=Para id=Par15>A GitHub Actions workflow has a set of <span id=ITerm6>default variables</span>.<div class=UnorderedList><ul class=UnorderedListMarkBullet><li><p class=Para id=Par16><strong class=EmphasisTypeBold>CI</strong>: This variable value is always set to true.</p><li><p class=Para id=Par17><strong class=EmphasisTypeBold>HOME</strong>: The home directory in the runner storing user data in the workflow.</p><li><p class=Para id=Par18><strong class=EmphasisTypeBold>GITHUB_WORKFLOW</strong>: GitHub workflow name.</p><li><p class=
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</span><section class="Section2 RenderAsSection2" id=Sec8><h3 class=Heading>GITHUB_ Prefix</h3><p class=Para id=Par39>The GITHUB_ prefix is reserved for GitHub. You cannot use it in naming custom environment variables. If you try to use <span id=ITerm8>GITHUB</span>_, it results in an error in the workflow.</p></section><section class="Section2 RenderAsSection2" id=Sec9><h3 class=Heading>Case Sensitivity</h3><p class=Para id=Par40>GitHub variables are case <span id=ITerm9>sensitive</span>. Hence, a variable name and its usage should use the same case, or else the variable value cannot be retrieved in the usage location of the workflow.</p></section><section class="Section2 RenderAsSection2" id=Sec10><h3 class=Heading>_PATH Suffix</h3><p class=Para id=Par41>The variables you define to point to a filesystem location should contain the <span id=ITerm10>_PATH suffix</span>. However, the HOME and GITHUB_WORKSPACE default variables do not use this convention because the words <em class=EmphasisTypeItalic>home</em> and <em class=EmphasisTypeItalic>workspace</em> imply a location.</p></section><section class="Section2 RenderAsSection2" id=Sec11><h3 class=Heading>Special Characters</h3><p class=Para id=Par42>Even though there are no syntactical errors caused by using <span id=ITerm11>special characters</span> in the middle of a variable name, it is better to avoid them at all costs because such variables cannot be properly retrieved when used in workflow steps/actions. Using an underscore (_) to separate parts of a variable name is acceptable. Variable names must begin with an alphabetical character and may contain numbers in the middle or at the end of the name. However, the variable name should not begin with a number. Special characters other than _ should be avoided.<div class=Para id=Par43>For example, valid variables to use are only <span class=EmphasisFontCategoryNonProportional>user_name</span>, <span class=EmphasisFontCategoryNonProportional>demo_name</span>, and <span class=EmphasisFontCategoryNonProportional>my1_var1</span>, out of the all the variables below, even though none of them is giving any syntax errors.<div class=ProgramCode id=PC13><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine>name: VariableDemo</div></div><div class=LineGroup><div class=FixedLine>on: [push]</div><div class=FixedLine>env:</div><div class=FixedLine> user_name: "Chaminda"</div><div class=FixedLine> demo_name: "Variable Demo"</div><div class=FixedLine> my@newvar@$: "specialvarval"</div><div class=FixedLine> $varwith$: "valwith$"</div><div class=FixedLine> 1mynewnumvar: "numvarval"</div><div class=FixedLine> my-var: "DashVarvalue"</div><div class=FixedLine> my1_var1: "my1_var1value"</div></div></div></div><p class=Para id=Par44>In this section we have looked at considerations in creating custom variables in GitHub Actions workflows.</p></section></section><section class="Section1 RenderAsSection1" id=Sec12><h2 class=Heading>Summary</h2><p class=Para id=Par45>This chapter discussed using custom environment variables and the default variables available in GitHub Actions workflows and used a .NET Core example. It also discussed naming conventions for variables.<p class=Para id=Par46>The next chapter explores the use of secrets and tokens in GitHub Actions workflows.</p></section></div></div></div></div><style>#book-content #sbo-rt-content div,#book-content #sbo-rt-content ul,#book-content #sbo-rt-content h2,#book-content #sbo-rt-content h3,#book-content #sbo-rt-content p{margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-margin-before:0;-webkit-margin-after:0}#book-content #sbo-rt-content div{background-color:inherit}#book-content #sbo-rt-content strong{font-style:normal}#book-content #sbo-rt-content strong{font-weight:bold}#book-content #sbo-rt-content em{font-style:italic}.ucvMode-black #book-content #sbo-rt-content h1,.ucvMode-black #book-content #sbo-rt-content h2,.ucvMode-black #book-content #sbo-rt-content h3{color:#fff!important}#book-content #sbo-rt-content section{display:block;border:none;margin:0;padding:0}html{font-size:100%!imp
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