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<li><a href="#installing-julia-locally" id="toc-installing-julia-locally" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#installing-julia-locally"> <span class="header-section-number">66.2</span> Installing Julia locally</a></li>
<li><a href="#basic-interactive-usage" id="toc-basic-interactive-usage" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#basic-interactive-usage"> <span class="header-section-number">66.3</span> Basic interactive usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#add-on-packages" id="toc-add-on-packages" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#add-on-packages"> <span class="header-section-number">66.4</span> Add-on packages</a></li>
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<h1 class="title d-none d-lg-block"><span class="chapter-number">66</span>&nbsp; <span class="chapter-title">Getting started with Julia</span></h1>
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<p>Julia is a freely available, open-source programming language aimed at technical computing.</p>
<p>As it is open source, indeed with a liberal MIT license, it can be installed for free on many types of computers (though not phones or tablets).</p>
<section id="running-julia-through-the-web" class="level2" data-number="66.1">
<h2 data-number="66.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="running-julia-through-the-web"><span class="header-section-number">66.1</span> Running Julia through the web</h2>
<p>There are a few services for running <code>Julia</code> through the web. Mentioned here is <a href="https://mybinder.org">Binder</a>, which provides a web-based interface to <code>Julia</code> built around <code>Jupyter</code>. <code>Jupyter</code> is a wildly succesful platform for interacting with different open-source software programs.</p>
<p><a href="https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/CalculusWithJulia/CwJScratchPad.git/master">lauch binder</a></p>
<p>Clicking the launch link above will open a web page which provides a blank notebook, save for a package used by these notes. However, <code>Binder</code> is nowhere near as reliable as a local installation.</p>
</section>
<section id="installing-julia-locally" class="level2" data-number="66.2">
<h2 data-number="66.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="installing-julia-locally"><span class="header-section-number">66.2</span> Installing Julia locally</h2>
<p>Installing <code>Julia</code> locally is not more difficult than installing other software.</p>
<p>Binaries of <code>Julia</code> are provided at <a href="http://julialang.org/downloads/">julialang.org</a>. Julia has an official released version and a developmental version. Unless there is a compelling reason, the latest released version should be downloaded and installed for use.</p>
<p>For Windows users, there is a <code>juliaup</code> program for managing the installation of Julia.</p>
<p>The base <code>Julia</code> provides a <em>command-line interface</em>, or REPL (read-evaluate-parse).</p>
</section>
<section id="basic-interactive-usage" class="level2" data-number="66.3">
<h2 data-number="66.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="basic-interactive-usage"><span class="header-section-number">66.3</span> Basic interactive usage</h2>
<p>Once installed, <code>Julia</code> can be started by clicking on an icon or typing <code>julia</code> at the command line. Either will open a <em>command line interface</em> for a user to interact with a <code>Julia</code> process. The basic workflow is easy: commands are typed then sent to a <code>Julia</code> process when the “return” key is pressed for a complete expression. Then the output is displayed.</p>
<p>A command is typed following the <em>prompt</em>. An example might be <code>2 + 2</code>. To send the command to the <code>Julia</code> interpreter the “return” key is pressed. A complete expression or expressions will then be parsed and evaluated (executed). If the expression is not complete, <code>julia</code>’s prompt will still accept input to complete the expression. Type <code>2 +</code> to see. (The expression <code>2 +</code> is not complete, as the infix operator <code>+</code> expects two arguments, one on its left and one on its right.)</p>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode julia code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode julia"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> _</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> _ _ <span class="fu">_</span>(_)_ <span class="op">|</span> Documentation<span class="op">:</span> https<span class="op">://</span>docs.julialang.org</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (_) <span class="op">|</span> (_) (_) <span class="op">|</span></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> _ _ _<span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span>_ __ _ <span class="op">|</span> <span class="dt">Type</span> <span class="st">"?"</span> <span class="cf">for</span> help, <span class="st">"]?"</span> <span class="cf">for</span> <span class="bu">Pkg</span> help.</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|/</span> _<span class="ss">` | |</span></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span>_<span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> (_<span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> Version <span class="fl">1.7.0</span> (<span class="fl">2021</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="fl">11</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="fl">30</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> _<span class="op">/</span> <span class="op">|\</span>__<span class="ch">'_|_|_|\__'</span>_<span class="op">|</span> <span class="op">|</span> Official https<span class="op">://</span>julialang.org<span class="op">/</span> release</span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">|</span>__<span class="op">/</span> <span class="op">|</span></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>julia<span class="op">&gt;</span> <span class="fl">2</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fl">2</span></span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fl">4</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p>Above, <code>julia&gt;</code> is the prompt. These notes will not include the prompt, so that copying-and-pasting can be more easily used. Input and output cells display similarly, though with differences in coloring. For example:</p>
<div class="cell" data-execution_count="4">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode julia code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode julia"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fl">2</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fl">2</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<pre><code>4</code></pre>
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<p>While many prefer a command line for interacting with <code>Julia</code>, when learning a notebook interfaces is suggested. (An IDE like <a href="https://www.julia-vscode.org/">Julia for Visual Studio Code</a> might be preferred for experienced programmers). In <a href="./julia_interfaces.html">Julia interfaces</a>, we describe two different notebook interfaces that are available through add-on packages.</p>
</section>
<section id="add-on-packages" class="level2" data-number="66.4">
<h2 data-number="66.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="add-on-packages"><span class="header-section-number">66.4</span> Add-on packages</h2>
<p><code>Julia</code> is well on its way towards 10,000 external add-on packages that enhance the offerings of base <code>Julia</code>. We refer to one, <code>CalculusWithJulia</code>, that is designed to accompany these notes. <a href="./calculus_with_julia.html">Installation notes</a> are available.</p>
<p>In <code>Julia</code> graphics are provided only by add-on packages – there is no built-in graphing. This is the case under <code>Pluto</code> or <code>Jupyter</code> or the command line.</p>
<p>In these notes, we use the <code>Plots</code> package and its default backend. The <code>Plots</code> package provides a common interface to several different backends; this choice is easily changed. The <code>gr</code> backend is used in these notes, though for interactive use the <code>Plotly</code> backend has advantages; for more complicated graphics, <code>pyplot</code> has some advantages; for publication <code>PGFPlotsX</code> has advantages.</p>
<p>The package, if installed, is loaded as any other package:</p>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode julia code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode julia"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">using</span> <span class="bu">Plots</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p>With that in hand, to make a graph of a function over a range, we follow this pattern:</p>
<div class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode julia code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode julia"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">plot</span>(sin, <span class="fl">0</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>pi)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="6">
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