diff --git a/quarto/derivatives/mean_value_theorem.qmd b/quarto/derivatives/mean_value_theorem.qmd index 5eab0f8..21d9d5a 100644 --- a/quarto/derivatives/mean_value_theorem.qmd +++ b/quarto/derivatives/mean_value_theorem.qmd @@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ nothing --- -A function is *continuous* at $c$ if $f(c+h) - f(c) \rightarrow 0$ as $h$ goes to $0$. We can write that as $f(c+h) - f(x) = \epsilon_h$, with $\epsilon_h$ denoting a function going to $0$ as $h \rightarrow 0$. With this notion, differentiability could be written as $f(c+h) - f(c) - f'(c)h = \epsilon_h \cdot h$. This is clearly a more demanding requirement that mere continuity at $c$. +A function is *continuous* at $c$ if $f(c+h) - f(c) \rightarrow 0$ as $h$ goes to $0$. We can write that as $f(c+h) - f(c) = \epsilon_h$, with $\epsilon_h$ denoting a function going to $0$ as $h \rightarrow 0$. With this notion, differentiability could be written as $f(c+h) - f(c) - f'(c)h = \epsilon_h \cdot h$. This is clearly a more demanding requirement than mere continuity at $c$. -We defined a function to be *continuous* on an interval $I=(a,b)$ if it was continuous at each point $c$ in $I$. Similarly, we define a function to be *differentiable* on the interval $I$ it it is differentiable at each point $c$ in $I$. +We defined a function to be *continuous* on an interval $I=(a,b)$ if it was continuous at each point $c$ in $I$. Similarly, we define a function to be *differentiable* on the interval $I$ if it is differentiable at each point $c$ in $I$. This section looks at properties of differentiable functions. As there is a more stringent definition, perhaps more properties are a consequence of the definition. @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ f(x) = abs(x) plot(f, -1,1) ``` -We can see formally that the secant line expression will not have a limit when $c=0$ (the left limit is $-1$, the right limit $1$). But more insight is gained by looking a the shape of the graph. At the origin, the graph always is vee-shaped. There is no linear function that approximates this function well. The function is just not smooth enough, as it has a kink. +We can see formally that the secant line expression will not have a limit when $c=0$ (the left limit is $-1$, the right limit $1$). But more insight is gained by looking at the shape of the graph. At the origin, the graph always is vee-shaped. There is no linear function that approximates this function well. The function is just not smooth enough, as it has a kink. There are other functions that have kinks. These are often associated with powers. For example, at $x=0$ this function will not have a derivative: @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ A hiker can appreciate the difference. A relative maximum would be the crest of What does this have to do with derivatives? -[Fermat](http://science.larouchepac.com/fermat/fermat-maxmin.pdf), perhaps with insight from Kepler, was interested in maxima of polynomial functions. As a warm up, he considered a line segment $AC$ and a point $E$ with the task of choosing $E$ so that $(E-A) \times (C-A)$ being a maximum. We might recognize this as finding the maximum of $f(x) = (x-A)\cdot(C-x)$ for some $A < C$. Geometrically, we know this to be at the midpoint, as the equation is a parabola, but Fermat was interested in an algebraic solution that led to more generality. +[Fermat](http://science.larouchepac.com/fermat/fermat-maxmin.pdf), perhaps with insight from Kepler, was interested in maxima of polynomial functions. As a warm up, he considered a line segment $AC$ and a point $E$ with the task of choosing $E$ so that $(E-A) \times (C-E)$ being a maximum. We might recognize this as finding the maximum of $f(x) = (x-A)\cdot(C-x)$ for some $A < C$. Geometrically, we know this to be at the midpoint, as the equation is a parabola, but Fermat was interested in an algebraic solution that led to more generality. He takes $b=AC$ and $a=AE$. Then the product is $a \cdot (b-a) = ab - a^2$. He then perturbs this writing $AE=a+e$, then this new product is $(a+e) \cdot (b - a - e)$. Equating the two, and canceling like terms gives $be = 2ae + e^2$. He cancels the $e$ and basically comments that this must be true for all $e$ even as $e$ goes to $0$, so $b = 2a$ and the value is at the midpoint. @@ -548,13 +548,13 @@ numericq(c) ###### Question -The extreme value theorem is a guarantee of a value, but does not provide a recipe to find it. For the function $f(x) = \sin(x)$ on $I=[\pi, 3\pi/2]$ find a value $c$ satisfying the theorem for an absolute maximum. +The extreme value theorem is a guarantee of a value, but does not provide a recipe to find it. For the function $f(x) = \cos(x)$ on $I=[\pi, 3\pi/2]$ find a value $c$ satisfying the theorem for an absolute maximum. ```{julia} #| hold: true #| echo: false -c = pi +c = 1pi numericq(c) ```