typos

quarto/differentiable_vector_calculus/scalar_functions_applications.qmd

@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ $$
 A [piriform](http://www.math.harvard.edu/~knill/teaching/summer2011/handouts/32-linearization.pdf) is described by the quartic surface $f(x,y,z) = x^4 -x^3 + y^2+z^2 = 0$. Find the tangent line at the point $\langle 2,2,2 \rangle$.
 
 
-Here, $\nabla{f}$ describes a *normal* to the tangent plane. The description of a plane may be  described by $\hat{N}\cdot(\vec{x} - \vec{x}_0) = 0$, where $\vec{x}_0$ is identified with a point on the plane (the point $(2,2,2)$ here). With this, we have $\hat{N}\cdot\vec{x} = ax + by + cz = \hat{N}\cdot\langle 2,2,2\rangle = 2(a+b+c)$. For ths problem, $\nabla{f}(2,2,2) = \langle a, b, c\rangle$ is given by:
+Here, $\nabla{f}$ describes a *normal* to the tangent plane. The description of a plane may be  described by $\hat{N}\cdot(\vec{x} - \vec{x}_0) = 0$, where $\vec{x}_0$ is identified with a point on the plane (the point $(2,2,2)$ here). With this, we have $\hat{N}\cdot\vec{x} = ax + by + cz = \hat{N}\cdot\langle 2,2,2\rangle = 2(a+b+c)$. For this problem, $\nabla{f}(2,2,2) = \langle a, b, c\rangle$ is given by:
 
 
 ```{julia}
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ ys = range(-0.5, 0.5, length=100)
 contour!(xs, ys, f,  levels = [.7, .85, 1, 1.15, 1.3])
 ```
 
-We can still identify the tangent and normal directions. What is different about this point is that local movement on the constraint curve is also local movement on the contour line of $f$, so $f$ doesn't increase or decrease here, as it would if this point were an extrema along the contraint. The key to seeing this is the contour lines of $f$ are *tangent* to the constraint. The respective gradients are *orthogonal* to their tangent lines, and in dimension $2$, this implies they are parallel to each other.
+We can still identify the tangent and normal directions. What is different about this point is that local movement on the constraint curve is also local movement on the contour line of $f$, so $f$ doesn't increase or decrease here, as it would if this point were an extrema along the constraint. The key to seeing this is the contour lines of $f$ are *tangent* to the constraint. The respective gradients are *orthogonal* to their tangent lines, and in dimension $2$, this implies they are parallel to each other.
 
 
 > *The method of Lagrange multipliers*: To optimize $f(x,y)$ subject to a constraint $g(x,y) = k$ we solve for all *simultaneous* solutions to
@@ -1552,7 +1552,7 @@ Following Lagrange, we generalize the problem to the following: maximize $\int_{
 The starting point is a *perturbation*: $\hat{y}(x) = y(x) + \epsilon_1 \eta_1(x) + \epsilon_2 \eta_2(x)$. There are two perturbation terms, were only one term added, then the perturbation may make $\hat{y}$ not satisfy the constraint, the second term is used to ensure the constraint is not violated. If $\hat{y}$ is to be a possible solution to our problem, we would want $\hat{y}(x_0) = \hat{y}(x_1) = 0$, as it does for $y(x)$, so we *assume*  $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$ satisfy this boundary condition.
 
 
-With this notation, and fixing $y$ we can re-express the equations in terms ot $\epsilon_1$ and $\epsilon_2$:
+With this notation, and fixing $y$ we can re-express the equations in terms of $\epsilon_1$ and $\epsilon_2$:
 
 
 
@@ -1699,7 +1699,7 @@ Now to identify $C$ in terms of $L$. $L$ is the length of arc of circle of radiu
 ##### Example: more constraints
 
 
-Consider now the case of maximizing $f(x,y,z)$ subject to $g(x,y,z)=c$ and $h(x,y,z) = d$. Can something similar be said to characterize potential values for this to occur? Trying to describe where $g(x,y,z) = c$ and $h(x,y,z)=d$ in general will prove difficult. The easy case would be it the two equations were linear, in which case they would describe planes. Two non-parallel planes would intersect in a line. If the general case, imagine the surfaces locally replaced by their tangent planes, then their intersection would be a line, and this line would point in along the curve given by the intersection of the surfaces formed by the contraints. This line is similar to the tangent line in the $2$-variable case. Now if $\nabla{f}$, which points in the direction of greatest increase of $f$, had a non-zero projection onto this line, then moving the point in that direction along the line would increase $f$ and still leave the point following the contraints. That is, if there is a non-zero directional derivative the point is not a maximum.
+Consider now the case of maximizing $f(x,y,z)$ subject to $g(x,y,z)=c$ and $h(x,y,z) = d$. Can something similar be said to characterize potential values for this to occur? Trying to describe where $g(x,y,z) = c$ and $h(x,y,z)=d$ in general will prove difficult. The easy case would be it the two equations were linear, in which case they would describe planes. Two non-parallel planes would intersect in a line. If the general case, imagine the surfaces locally replaced by their tangent planes, then their intersection would be a line, and this line would point in along the curve given by the intersection of the surfaces formed by the constraints. This line is similar to the tangent line in the $2$-variable case. Now if $\nabla{f}$, which points in the direction of greatest increase of $f$, had a non-zero projection onto this line, then moving the point in that direction along the line would increase $f$ and still leave the point following the constraints. That is, if there is a non-zero directional derivative the point is not a maximum.
 
 
 The tangent planes are *orthogonal* to the vectors $\nabla{g}$ and $\nabla{h}$, so in this case parallel to $\nabla{g} \times \nabla{h}$. The condition that $\nabla{f}$ be *orthogonal* to this vector, means that $\nabla{f}$ *must* sit in the plane described by $\nabla{g}$ and $\nabla{h}$ - the plane of orthogonal vectors to $\nabla{g} \times \nabla{h}$. That is, this condition is needed: