some typos.
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@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ x = Dual(0, 1)
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@code_lowered sin(x)
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```
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This output of `@code_lowered` can be confusing, but this simple case needn't be. Working from the end we see an assignment to a variable named `%7` of `Dual(%3, %6)`. The value of `%3` is `sin(x)` where `x` is the value `0` above. The value of `%6` is `cos(x)` *times* the value `1` above (the `xp`), which reflects the *chain* rule being used. (The derivative of `sin(u)` is `cos(u)*du`.) So this dual number encodes both the function value at `0` and the derivative of the function at `0`.)
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This output of `@code_lowered` can be confusing, but this simple case needn't be. Working from the end we see an assignment to a variable named `%3` of `Dual(%6, %12)`. The value of `%6` is `sin(x)` where `x` is the value `0` above. The value of `%12` is `cos(x)` *times* the value `1` above (the `xp`), which reflects the *chain* rule being used. (The derivative of `sin(u)` is `cos(u)*du`.) So this dual number encodes both the function value at `0` and the derivative of the function at `0`.
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Similarly, we can see what happens to `log(x)` at `1` (encoded by `Dual(1,1)`):
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@@ -654,14 +654,14 @@ x = Dual(1, 1)
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@code_lowered log(x)
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```
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We can see the derivative again reflects the chain rule, it being given by `1/x * xp` where `xp` acts like `dx` (from assignments `%5` and `%4`). Comparing the two outputs, we see only the assignment to `%5` differs, it reflecting the derivative of the function.
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We can see the derivative again reflects the chain rule, it being given by `1/x * xp` where `xp` acts like `dx` (from assignments `%9` and `%8`). Comparing the two outputs, we see only the assignment to `%9` differs, it reflecting the derivative of the function.
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## Curvature
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The curvature of a function will be a topic in a later section on differentiable vector calculus, but the concept of linearization can be used to give an earlier introduction.
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The tangent line linearizes the function, it begin the best linear approximation to the graph of the function at the point. The slope of the tangent line is the limi of the slopes of different secant lines. Consider now, the orthogonal concept, the *normal line* at a point. This is a line perpendicular to the tangent line that goes through the point on the curve.
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The tangent line linearizes the function, it begin the best linear approximation to the graph of the function at the point. The slope of the tangent line is the limit of the slopes of different secant lines. Consider now, the orthogonal concept, the *normal line* at a point. This is a line perpendicular to the tangent line that goes through the point on the curve.
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At a point $(c,f(c))$ the slope of the normal line is $-1/f'(c)$.
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@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ Rearranging, we have
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$$
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\begin{align*}
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-f'(c)(y-f(c) &= x-c\\
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-f'(c)(y-f(c)) &= x-c\\
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-f'(c+h)(y-f(c+h)) &= x-(c+h)
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\end{align*}
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$$
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