Merge pull request #190 from Manubi/patch-1

Added some context.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - main
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    # First day of a month
+    - cron: '0 0 1 * *'
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -15,16 +19,93 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+      - name: Get Core Sans
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        if: "!github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          repository: mainmatter/core-sans-a-fonts
+          ssh-key: ${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+          path: core-sans-a-fonts
+      - name: Install Core Sans Font
+        if: "!github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork"
+        run: |
+          sudo cp -r core-sans-a-fonts/* /usr/local/share/fonts/
+          sudo fc-cache -f -v
+          fc-list | grep "Core Sans"
+      - name: Use Fallback font for fork PRs
+        if: "github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork"
+        run: |
+          sed -i 's/"BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",//g' book/book.toml
+          sed -i 's/"ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",//g' book/book.toml
+          sed -i 's/"BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",//g' book/book.toml
+          sed -i 's/CoreSansA45.ttf/Open Sans:style=Regular/g' book/book.toml
       - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
-      - name: Install plugin
+      - name: Install exercise plugin
         run: cargo install --path helpers/mdbook-exercise-linker
+      - name: Install link shortener plugin
+        run: cargo install --path helpers/mdbook-link-shortener
+      - name: Install mdbook-pandoc, calibre, pdftk and related dependencies
+        run: |
+          cargo install mdbook-pandoc --locked --version 0.7.1
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y fonts-noto fonts-open-sans calibre pdftk
+          sudo fc-cache -f -v
+          export PANDOC_VERSION=3.3
+          curl -LsSf https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/releases/download/${PANDOC_VERSION}/pandoc-${PANDOC_VERSION}-linux-amd64.tar.gz | tar zxf -
+          echo "$PWD/pandoc-${PANDOC_VERSION}/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+        shell: bash
+      - name: Setup TeX Live
+        uses: teatimeguest/setup-texlive-action@v3
+        with:
+          packages:
+            scheme-basic
+            luatex
+            lualatex-math
+            luacolor
+            luatexbase
+            luaotfload
+            framed
+            unicode-math
+            xcolor
+            geometry
+            longtable
+            booktabs
+            array
+            lua-ul
+            etoolbox
+            fancyvrb
+            footnote
+            selnolig
+            natbib
+            csquotes
+            bookmark
+            xurl
+            amsmath
+            setspace
+            iftex
+      - name: Check `tlmgr` version
+        run: tlmgr --version
       - uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
         with:
           tool: mdbook
       - name: Build book
+        env:
+          LINK_SHORTENER_VERIFY: "true"
         run: |
           cd book
           mdbook build
+      - name: Add cover and back to downloadable PDF
+        run: |
+          pdftk book/assets/cover.pdf book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf book/assets/back.pdf cat output book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust-with-cover.pdf
+          mv book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust-with-cover.pdf book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf
+      - name: Convert HTML to ePUB
+        run: |
+          cd book/book/pandoc/html
+          sed -i 's|<code>\\newpage</code>{=latex}||g' 100-exercises-to-learn-rust.html
+          ebook-convert 100-exercises-to-learn-rust.html 100-exercises-to-learn-rust.epub \
+            --embed-all-fonts \
+            --subset-embedded-fonts
       - name: Link Checker
         uses: lycheeverse/lychee-action@v1
         with:
@@ -33,24 +114,37 @@ jobs:
             --exclude-loopback 
             --require-https 
             --no-progress 
-            book/book
+            book/book/html/
-      # Upload the book as an artifact
+      # Upload the HTML book as an artifact
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: book
-          path: book/book
+          # When you support multiple formats, the output directory changes
-            # Commit and push all changed files.
+          # to include the format in its path.
-            # Must only affect files that are listed in "paths-ignore".
+          path: book/book/html
-      - name: Git commit build artifacts
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        # Only run on main branch push (e.g. pull request merge).
+        with:
-        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+          name: online-pdf
-        run: |
+          path: book/book/pandoc/pdf/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf
-          git checkout -b deploy
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-          git config --global user.name "Deployer"
+        with:
-          git config --global user.email "username@users.noreply.github.com"
+          name: paperback
-          git add --force book/book
+          path: book/book/pandoc/paperback/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf
-          git commit -m "Render book"
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-          git push --set-upstream --force-with-lease origin deploy
+        with:
+          name: ePUB
+          path: book/book/pandoc/html/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.epub
+
+  is_fresh:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y jq
+      - run: |
+          ./helpers/json2redirects.sh book/link2alias.json > site/_redirects
+      # Verify nothing has changed, meaning that the redirect file is up-to-date
+      - run: |
+          git diff --exit-code site/_redirects
 
   formatter:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
 [workspace]
-members = ["exercises/*/*", "helpers/common", "helpers/mdbook-exercise-linker", "helpers/ticket_fields"]
+members = [
+  "exercises/*/*",
+  "helpers/common",
+  "helpers/mdbook-exercise-linker",
+  "helpers/mdbook-link-shortener",
+  "helpers/ticket_fields",
+]
 resolver = "2"
+
+# This is needed to guarantee the expected behaviour on that specific exercise,
+# regardless of the "global" setting for `overflow-checks` on the `dev` profile.
+[profile.dev.package.copy]
+overflow-checks = true

book/book.toml

@@ -1,12 +1,129 @@
 [book]
-authors = ["Luca Palmieri (Mainmatter)"]
+authors = ["Luca Palmieri"]
 language = "en"
 multilingual = false
 src = "src"
 title = "100 Exercises To Learn Rust"
 
+[preprocessor.exercise-linker]
+exercise_root_url = "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises"
+
+[preprocessor.link-shortener]
+base_url = "https://ruex.io"
+renderers = ["pandoc"]
+mapping = "link2alias.json"
+verify = false
+after = ["exercise-linker"]
+
 [output.html]
 git-repository-url = "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust"
 
-[preprocessor.exercise-linker]
+[output.pandoc]
-exercise_root_url = "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises"
+optional = true
+hosted-html = "https://rust-exercises.com/100-exercises/"
+
+[output.pandoc.code]
+show-hidden-lines = true
+
+[output.pandoc.profile.pdf] # options to pass to Pandoc (see https://pandoc.org/MANUAL.html)
+output-file = "100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf"
+to = "latex"
+highlight-style = "./custom.theme"
+# We use `lualatext` because, right now, it's the only engine
+# that supports fallback fonts, which we need for emojis.
+pdf-engine = "lualatex"
+metadata-file = "metadata.yml"
+
+[output.pandoc.profile.pdf.variables]
+mainfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
+mainfontoptions = [
+  "BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
+  "ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
+  "BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
+]
+sansfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
+sansfontoptions = [
+  "BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
+  "ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
+  "BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
+]
+# You can get these fonts here: https://fonts.google.com/selection?query=noto+color+
+monofont = "Noto Sans Mono"
+mainfontfallback = ["Open Sans"]
+sansfontfallback = ["Open Sans"]
+monofontfallback = [
+  "Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf",
+]
+linkcolor = "Links"
+urlcolor = "Links"
+urlstyle = "rm"
+documentclass = "book"
+fontsize = "10pt"
+geometry = "papersize={8in,10in},top=2cm,bottom=2cm,left=2.4cm,right=2.4cm"
+header-includes = [
+  "\\definecolor{Links}{HTML}{6200EE}",
+  # Reduce font size of code blocks
+  "\\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{commandchars=\\\\\\{\\},fontsize=\\small}",
+]
+
+[output.pandoc.profile.paperback]
+output-file = "100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf"
+to = "latex"
+highlight-style = "monochrome"
+metadata-file = "metadata.yml"
+# We use `lualatext` because, right now, it's the only engine
+# that supports fallback fonts, which we need for emojis.
+pdf-engine = "lualatex"
+
+[output.pandoc.profile.paperback.variables]
+mainfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
+mainfontoptions = [
+  "BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
+  "ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
+  "BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
+]
+sansfont = "CoreSansA45.ttf"
+sansfontoptions = [
+  "BoldFont=CoreSansA65.ttf",
+  "ItalicFont=CoreSansA45It.ttf",
+  "BoldItalicFont=CoreSansA65It.ttf",
+]
+# You can get these fonts here: https://fonts.google.com/selection?query=noto+color+
+monofont = "Noto Sans Mono"
+mainfontfallback = ["Open Sans"]
+sansfontfallback = ["Open Sans"]
+monofontfallback = [
+  "Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf",
+]
+linkcolor = "Links"
+urlcolor = "Links"
+urlstyle = "rm"
+documentclass = "book"
+fontsize = "10pt"
+geometry = "papersize={8in,10in},top=2cm,bottom=2cm,left=2.8cm,right=2.5cm"
+header-includes = [
+  "\\definecolor{Links}{HTML}{6200EE}",
+  # Reduce font size of code blocks
+  "\\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{commandchars=\\\\\\{\\},fontsize=\\small}",
+]
+links-as-notes = true
+
+# We go through HTML, rather than directly to ePUB, since routing
+# Pandoc's HTML through Calibre's ePUB converter gives us better results.
+[output.pandoc.profile.html]
+output-file = "100-exercises-to-learn-rust.html"
+to = "html"
+highlight-style = "monochrome"
+embed-resources = true
+standalone = true
+metadata-file = "metadata.yml"
+
+[output.pandoc.profile.html.variables]
+# You can get these fonts here: https://fonts.google.com/selection?query=noto+color+
+monofont = "Noto Sans Mono"
+mainfontfallback = ["Open Sans"]
+sansfontfallback = ["Open Sans"]
+monofontfallback = [
+  "Noto Color Emoji:mode=harf",
+]
+urlstyle = "rm"

book/custom.theme

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+{
+    "text-color": "#c9d1d9",
+    "background-color": "#343942",
+    "line-number-color": null,
+    "line-number-background-color": null,
+    "text-styles": {
+        "Alert": {
+            "text-color": "#ff0000",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Annotation": {
+            "text-color": "#8b949e",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": true,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Attribute": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "BaseN": {
+            "text-color": "#a5d6ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "BuiltIn": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Char": {
+            "text-color": "#a5d6ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Comment": {
+            "text-color": "#8b949e",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": true,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "CommentVar": {
+            "text-color": "#8b949e",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": true,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Constant": {
+            "text-color": "#79c0ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "ControlFlow": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "DataType": {
+            "text-color": "#8b949e",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "DecVal": {
+            "text-color": "#79c0ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Documentation": {
+            "text-color": "#8b949e",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": true,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Error": {
+            "text-color": "#ff0000",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Extension": {
+            "text-color": null,
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Float": {
+            "text-color": "#79c0ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Function": {
+            "text-color": "#d2a8ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Import": {
+            "text-color": "#8b949e",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Information": {
+            "text-color": "#8b949e",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": true,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Keyword": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Operator": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Other": {
+            "text-color": "#007020",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Preprocessor": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "SpecialChar": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "SpecialString": {
+            "text-color": "#03DAC5",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "String": {
+            "text-color": "#a5d6ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Variable": {
+            "text-color": "#a8daff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "VerbatimString": {
+            "text-color": "#a5d6ff",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": false,
+            "italic": false,
+            "underline": false
+        },
+        "Warning": {
+            "text-color": "#60a0b0",
+            "background-color": null,
+            "bold": true,
+            "italic": true,
+            "underline": false
+        }
+    }
+}

book/link2alias.json

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+{
+  "https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/05/28/cheri-abi/": "f2u",
+  "https://crates.io": "f4q",
+  "https://crates.io/crates/cargo-modules": "f2n",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-02-data-types.html#integer-types": "ffr",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/title-page.html": "f6t",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#cargo-targets": "f4m",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html": "ffc",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-dependencies.html": "f45",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/": "f6u",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#numeric-cast": "f2z",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/implementations.html#trait-implementation-coherence": "fzf",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/lifetime-elision.html": "f4c",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html": "fxy",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/index.html": "fzm",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.PartialEq.html": "fzz",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.PartialOrd.html": "fzb",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html#implementors": "fzp",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html#implementors": "fzl",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FusedIterator.html": "f4s",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html": "fxf",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html": "ffj",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.while.html": "ffh",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic.html": "ffl",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.size_of.html": "f27",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html": "fzn",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html": "fz4",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#deref-coercion": "fzt",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Div.html": "fzv",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html": "fz6",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Rem.html": "fz8",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Sub.html": "fzx",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/prelude/index.html": "f2c",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.i32.html#associatedconstant.MAX": "ffe",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.i32.html#associatedconstant.MIN": "ff7",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u32.html#associatedconstant.MAX": "ffw",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/slice/struct.Iter.html": "f4d",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html": "f26",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/atomic/index.html": "fxh",
+  "https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.iter": "f4j",
+  "https://docs.rs/dhat/latest/dhat/": "f2y",
+  "https://docs.rs/itertools/": "fx2",
+  "https://docs.rs/thiserror/latest/thiserror/": "f4n",
+  "https://docs.rs/tokio-stream/latest/tokio_stream/": "f65",
+  "https://docs.rs/tokio-stream/latest/tokio_stream/trait.StreamExt.html#method.merge": "f6m",
+  "https://docs.rs/tokio-util/latest/tokio_util/sync/struct.CancellationToken.html": "f63",
+  "https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/task/struct.JoinError.html": "f6z",
+  "https://docs.rust-embedded.org/book/": "f6k",
+  "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_pointer": "f2h",
+  "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_segment": "fx7",
+  "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address": "f2r",
+  "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_overflow": "f2e",
+  "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement": "ff9",
+  "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8": "f2v",
+  "https://exercism.io": "f6r",
+  "https://github.com/LukeMathWalker/cargo-chef": "ffb",
+  "https://github.com/LukeMathWalker/wiremock-rs": "ffm",
+  "https://github.com/dtolnay/cargo-expand": "fzq",
+  "https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro-workshop": "fzw",
+  "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust": "ff6",
+  "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises/01_intro/00_welcome": "ff3",
+  "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises/01_intro/01_syntax": "ffq",
+  "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises/02_basic_calculator/00_intro": "ff5",
+  "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises/02_basic_calculator/01_integers": "fft",
+  "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises/02_basic_calculator/02_variables": "ffy",
+  "https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/main/exercises/02_basic_calculator/03_if_else": "ffu",
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+  "https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/Using_freed_memory": "f2s",
+  "https://pavex.dev": "ffn",
+  "https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=36e5ddbe3b3f741dfa9f74c956622bac": "ffp",
+  "https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=afedf7062298ca8f5a248bc551062eaa": "fx5",
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+  "https://rust-lang.github.io/wg-async/vision/submitted_stories/status_quo/barbara_battles_buffered_streams.html": "f6w",
+  "https://ryhl.io/blog/async-what-is-blocking/": "f6v",
+  "https://tokio.rs/tokio/tutorial/select": "f6n",
+  "https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/dh-manual.html": "f2t",
+  "https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/": "fz5",
+  "https://without.boats/blog/the-scoped-task-trilemma/": "f67",
+  "https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DJ14KQQG/": "f6g",
+  "https://www.lpalmieri.com/": "ffv",
+  "https://www.lpalmieri.com/posts/2020-12-11-zero-to-production-6-domain-modelling/": "f4t",
+  "https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/programming-rust-2nd/9781492052586/": "f6y",
+  "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqbS7AVVErFirH9armw8yXlE6dacF-A6z": "f6l",
+  "https://zero2prod.com": "ff8"
+}

book/metadata.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+title: "100 Exercises To Learn Rust"
+subtitle: "A hands-on course by Mainmatter"
+author: "Luca Palmieri"
+keywords: ["Rust", "Programming"]

book/src/01_intro/00_welcome.md

@@ -32,6 +32,11 @@ a mentor to help you along the way should you get stuck. You can
 also find solutions to all exercises in the
 [`solutions` branch of the GitHub repository](https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust/tree/solutions).
 
+## Formats
+
+You can go through the course material [in the browser](https://rust-exercises.com/100-exercises/) or [download it as a PDF file](https://rust-exercises.com/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.pdf), for offline reading.\
+If you prefer to have the course material printed out, [buy a paperback copy on Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DJ14KQQG/).
+
 ## Structure
 
 On the left side of the screen, you can see that the course is divided into sections.
@@ -46,8 +51,7 @@ Before starting the course, make sure to clone the repository to your local mach
 # If you have an SSH key set up with GitHub
 git clone git@github.com:mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.git
 # Otherwise, use the HTTPS URL:
-#
+#   https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.git
-#   git clone https://github.com/mainmatter/100-exercises-to-learn-rust.git
 ```
 
 We also recommend you work on a branch, so you can easily track your progress and pull

book/src/01_intro/01_syntax.md

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The function's body is enclosed in curly braces `{}`.
 In previous exercise, you saw the `greeting` function:
 
 ```rust
-// `fn` <function_name> ( <input parameters> ) -> <return_type> { <body> }
+// `fn` <function_name> ( <input params> ) -> <return_type> { <body> }
 fn greeting() -> &'static str {
     // TODO: fix me 👇
     "I'm ready to __!"

book/src/02_basic_calculator/08_overflow.md

@@ -69,12 +69,18 @@ You may be wondering—what is a profile setting? Let's get into that!
 A [**profile**](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html) is a set of configuration options that can be
 used to customize the way Rust code is compiled.
 
-Cargo provides two built-in profiles: `dev` and `release`.\
+Cargo provides 4 built-in profiles: `dev`, `release`, `test`, and `bench`.\
 The `dev` profile is used every time you run `cargo build`, `cargo run` or `cargo test`. It's aimed at local
 development,
 therefore it sacrifices runtime performance in favor of faster compilation times and a better debugging experience.\
 The `release` profile, instead, is optimized for runtime performance but incurs longer compilation times. You need
 to explicitly request via the `--release` flag—e.g. `cargo build --release` or `cargo run --release`.
+The `test` profile is the default profile used by `cargo test`. The `test` profile inherits the settings form the `dev` profile.
+The `bench` profile is the default profile used by `cargo bench`. The `bench` profile inherits from the `release` profile.
+Use `dev` for iterative development and debugging, `release` for optimized production builds,\
+`test` for correctness testing, and `bench` for performance benchmarking.
+
+
 
 > "Have you built your project in release mode?" is almost a meme in the Rust community.\
 > It refers to developers who are not familiar with Rust and complain about its performance on

book/src/02_basic_calculator/10_as_casting.md

@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ error: literal out of range for `i8`
 4 |     let a = 255 as i8;
   |             ^^^
   |
-  = note: the literal `255` does not fit into the type `i8` whose range is `-128..=127`
+  = note: the literal `255` does not fit into the type `i8` 
+          whose range is `-128..=127`
   = help: consider using the type `u8` instead
   = note: `#[deny(overflowing_literals)]` on by default
 ```

book/src/03_ticket_v1/01_struct.md

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ You can create an instance of a struct by specifying the values for each field:
 // Syntax: <StructName> { <field_name>: <value>, ... }
 let ticket = Ticket {
     title: "Build a ticket system".into(),
-    description: "Create a system that can manage tickets across a Kanban board".into(),
+    description: "A Kanban board".into(),
     status: "Open".into()
 };
 ```
@@ -130,7 +130,8 @@ let default_config = Configuration::default();
 You can use the function call syntax even for methods that take `self` as their first parameter:
 
 ```rust
-// Function call syntax: <StructName>::<method_name>(<instance>, <parameters>)
+// Function call syntax:
+//   <StructName>::<method_name>(<instance>, <parameters>)
 let is_open = Ticket::is_open(ticket);
 ```
 

book/src/03_ticket_v1/03_modules.md

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ You have to use a **path** pointing to the entity you want to access.
 
 You can compose the path in various ways:
 
-- starting from the root of the current crate, e.g. `crate::module_1::module_2::MyStruct`
+- starting from the root of the current crate, e.g. `crate::module_1::MyStruct`
 - starting from the parent module, e.g. `super::my_function`
 - starting from the current module, e.g. `sub_module_1::MyStruct`
 
@@ -112,3 +112,10 @@ where each name comes from and potentially introducing name conflicts.\
 Nonetheless, it can be useful in some cases, like when writing unit tests. You might have noticed
 that most of our test modules start with a `use super::*;` statement to bring all the items from the parent module
 (the one being tested) into scope.
+
+## Visualizing the module tree
+
+If you're struggling to picture the module tree of your project, you can try using
+[`cargo-modules`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-modules) to visualize it!
+
+Refer to their documentation for installation instructions and usage examples.

book/src/03_ticket_v1/05_encapsulation.md

@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ To enforce stricter rules, we must keep the fields private[^newtype].
 We can then provide public methods to interact with a `Ticket` instance.
 Those public methods will have the responsibility of upholding our invariants (e.g. a title must not be empty).
 
-If all fields are private, it is no longer possible to create a `Ticket` instance directly using the struct
+If at least one field is private it is no longer possible to create a `Ticket` instance directly using the struct
 instantiation syntax:
 
 ```rust
 // This won't work!
 let ticket = Ticket {
     title: "Build a ticket system".into(),
-    description: "Create a system that can manage tickets across a Kanban board".into(),
+    description: "A Kanban board".into(),
     status: "Open".into()
 };
 ```

book/src/03_ticket_v1/06_ownership.md

@@ -44,9 +44,11 @@ error[E0382]: use of moved value: `ticket`
    |               -------- `ticket` moved due to this method call
 ...
 30 |         println!("Your next task is: {}", ticket.title());
-   |                                           ^^^^^^ value used here after move
+   |                                           ^^^^^^ 
+   |                                value used here after move
    |
-note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`, which moves `ticket`
+note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`, 
+      which moves `ticket`
   --> src/main.rs:12:23
    |
 12 |         pub fn status(self) -> String {
@@ -95,8 +97,8 @@ Ownership can be transferred.
 If you own a value, for example, you can transfer ownership to another variable:
 
 ```rust
-let a = "hello, world".to_string(); // <--- `a` is the owner of the String
+let a = "hello, world".to_string(); // <- `a` is the owner of the String
-let b = a;  // <--- `b` is now the owner of the String
+let b = a;  // <- `b` is now the owner of the String
 ```
 
 Rust's ownership system is baked into the type system: each function has to declare in its signature
@@ -130,9 +132,11 @@ error[E0382]: use of moved value: `ticket`
    |               -------- `ticket` moved due to this method call
 ...
 30 |         println!("Your next task is: {}", ticket.title());
-   |                                           ^^^^^^ value used here after move
+   |                                           ^^^^^^ 
+   |                                 value used here after move
    |
-note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`, which moves `ticket`
+note: `Ticket::status` takes ownership of the receiver `self`, 
+      which moves `ticket`
   --> src/main.rs:12:23
    |
 12 |         pub fn status(self) -> String {
@@ -199,8 +203,10 @@ fn main() {
         active: true,
     };
     // `b` is a reference to the `version` field of `config`.
-    // The type of `b` is `&u32`, since it contains a reference to a `u32` value.
+    // The type of `b` is `&u32`, since it contains a reference to 
-    // We create a reference by borrowing `config.version`, using the `&` operator.
+    // a `u32` value.
+    // We create a reference by borrowing `config.version`, using 
+    // the `&` operator.
     // Same symbol (`&`), different meaning depending on the context!
     let b: &u32 = &config.version;
     //     ^ The type annotation is not necessary, 

book/src/03_ticket_v1/07_setters.md

@@ -50,7 +50,11 @@ It takes ownership of `self`, changes the title, and returns the modified `Ticke
 This is how you'd use it:
 
 ```rust
-let ticket = Ticket::new("Title".into(), "Description".into(), "To-Do".into());
+let ticket = Ticket::new(
+    "Title".into(), 
+    "Description".into(), 
+    "To-Do".into()
+);
 let ticket = ticket.set_title("New title".into());
 ```
 
@@ -88,7 +92,11 @@ Nothing is returned.
 You'd use it like this:
 
 ```rust
-let mut ticket = Ticket::new("Title".into(), "Description".into(), "To-Do".into());
+let mut ticket = Ticket::new(
+    "Title".into(),
+    "Description".into(),
+    "To-Do".into()
+);
 ticket.set_title("New title".into());
 
 // Use the modified ticket

book/src/03_ticket_v1/08_stack.md

@@ -18,11 +18,25 @@ the function's arguments, local variables and a few "bookkeeping" values.\
 When the function returns, the stack frame is popped off the stack[^stack-overflow].
 
 ```text
-                                 +-----------------+
++-----------------+
-                       func2     | frame for func2 |   func2
+| frame for func1 |
-+-----------------+  is called   +-----------------+  returns   +-----------------+
++-----------------+
-| frame for func1 | -----------> | frame for func1 | ---------> | frame for func1 |
+        |
-+-----------------+              +-----------------+            +-----------------+
+        | func2 is 
+        | called
+        v
++-----------------+
+| frame for func2 |
++-----------------+
+| frame for func1 |
++-----------------+
+        |
+        | func2  
+        | returns
+        v
++-----------------+
+| frame for func1 |
++-----------------+
 ```
 
 From an operational point of view, stack allocation/de-allocation is **very fast**.\

book/src/04_traits/04_derive.md

@@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ although a bit more cumbersome to read:
 impl ::core::cmp::PartialEq for Ticket {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &Ticket) -> bool {
-        self.title == other.title && self.description == other.description
+        self.title == other.title 
+            && self.description == other.description
             && self.status == other.status
     }
 }

book/src/04_traits/05_trait_bounds.md

@@ -94,11 +94,13 @@ fn print_if_even<T>(n: T) {
 This code won't compile:
 
 ```text
-error[E0599]: no method named `is_even` found for type parameter `T` in the current scope
+error[E0599]: no method named `is_even` found for type parameter `T` 
+              in the current scope
  --> src/lib.rs:2:10
   |
 1 | fn print_if_even<T>(n: T) {
-  |                  - method `is_even` not found for this type parameter
+  |                  - method `is_even` not found 
+  |                    for this type parameter
 2 |     if n.is_even() {
   |          ^^^^^^^ method not found in `T`
 
@@ -106,7 +108,9 @@ error[E0277]: `T` doesn't implement `Debug`
  --> src/lib.rs:3:19
   |
 3 |         println!("{n:?} is even");
-  |                   ^^^^^ `T` cannot be formatted using `{:?}` because it doesn't implement `Debug`
+  |                   ^^^^^ 
+  |   `T` cannot be formatted using `{:?}` because 
+  |         it doesn't implement `Debug`
   |
 help: consider restricting type parameter `T`
   |

book/src/04_traits/06_str_slice.md

@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ You can, for example, create a `&str` from a `String` like this:
 ```rust
 let mut s = String::with_capacity(5);
 s.push_str("Hello");
-// Create a string slice reference from the `String`, skipping the first byte.
+// Create a string slice reference from the `String`, 
+// skipping the first byte.
 let slice: &str = &s[1..];
 ```
 

book/src/04_traits/08_sized.md

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ to the pointer: the length of the slice it points to. Going back to the example
 ```rust
 let mut s = String::with_capacity(5);
 s.push_str("Hello");
-// Create a string slice reference from the `String`, skipping the first byte.
+// Create a string slice reference from the `String`, 
+// skipping the first byte.
 let slice: &str = &s[1..];
 ```
 

book/src/04_traits/09_from.md

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 Let's go back to where our string journey started:
 
 ```rust
-let ticket = Ticket::new("A title".into(), "A description".into(), "To-Do".into());
+let ticket = Ticket::new(
+    "A title".into(), 
+    "A description".into(), 
+    "To-Do".into()
+);
 ```
 
 We now know enough to start unpacking what `.into()` is doing here.
@@ -14,7 +18,11 @@ This is the signature of the `new` method:
 
 ```rust
 impl Ticket {
-    pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        title: String, 
+        description: String, 
+        status: String
+    ) -> Self {
         // [...]
     }
 }
@@ -108,7 +116,7 @@ let title = String::from("A title");
 
 We've been primarily using `.into()`, though.\
 If you check out the [implementors of `Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html#implementors)
-you won't find `Into<&str> for String`. What's going on?
+you won't find `Into<String> for &str`. What's going on?
 
 `From` and `Into` are **dual traits**.\
 In particular, `Into` is implemented for any type that implements `From` using a **blanket implementation**:

book/src/04_traits/13_drop.md

@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ impl Drop for MyType {
 The compiler will complain with this error message:
 
 ```text
-error[E0184]: the trait `Copy` cannot be implemented for this type; the type has a destructor
+error[E0184]: the trait `Copy` cannot be implemented for this type; 
+              the type has a destructor
  --> src/lib.rs:2:17
   |
 2 | #[derive(Clone, Copy)]

book/src/05_ticket_v2/01_enum.md

@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ pub struct Ticket {
 }
 
 impl Ticket {
-    pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: String) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        title: String, 
+        description: String, 
+        status: String
+    ) -> Self {
         // [...]
     }
 }

book/src/05_ticket_v2/04_if_let.md

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ impl Ticket {
         match &self.status {
             Status::InProgress { assigned_to } => assigned_to,
             Status::Done | Status::ToDo => {
-                panic!("Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone"),
+                panic!(
+                    "Only `In-Progress` tickets can be \
+                    assigned to someone"
+                )
             }
         }
     }
@@ -33,7 +36,9 @@ impl Ticket {
         if let Status::InProgress { assigned_to } = &self.status {
             assigned_to
         } else {
-            panic!("Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone");
+            panic!(
+                "Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone"
+            );
         }
     }
 }
@@ -48,7 +53,9 @@ you can use the `let/else` construct:
 impl Ticket {
     pub fn assigned_to(&self) -> &str {
         let Status::InProgress { assigned_to } = &self.status else {
-            panic!("Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone");
+            panic!(
+                "Only `In-Progress` tickets can be assigned to someone"
+            );
         };
         assigned_to
     }

book/src/05_ticket_v2/06_fallibility.md

@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ Let's revisit the `Ticket::new` function from the previous exercise:
 
 ```rust
 impl Ticket {
-    pub fn new(title: String, description: String, status: Status) -> Ticket {
+    pub fn new(
+        title: String, 
+        description: String, 
+        status: Status
+    ) -> Ticket {
         if title.is_empty() {
             panic!("Title cannot be empty");
         }
@@ -70,8 +74,9 @@ Rust, with `Result`, forces you to **encode fallibility in the function's signat
 If a function can fail (and you want the caller to have a shot at handling the error), it must return a `Result`.
 
 ```rust
-// Just by looking at the signature, you know that this function can fail.
+// Just by looking at the signature, you know that this function 
-// You can also inspect `ParseIntError` to see what kind of failures to expect.
+// can fail. You can also inspect `ParseIntError` to see what 
+// kind of failures to expect.
 fn parse_int(s: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
     // ...
 }

book/src/05_ticket_v2/07_unwrap.md

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ fn parse_int(s: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
 }
 
 // This won't compile: we're not handling the error case.
-// We must either use `match` or one of the combinators provided by `Result`
+// We must either use `match` or one of the combinators provided by 
-// to "unwrap" the success value or handle the error.
+// `Result` to "unwrap" the success value or handle the error.
 let number = parse_int("42") + 2;
 ```
 

book/src/05_ticket_v2/09_error_trait.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ that implements the `Error` trait.
 pub trait Error: Debug + Display {}
 ```
 
-You might recall the `:` syntax from [the `Sized` trait](../04_traits/08_sized.md)—it's used to specify **supertraits**.
+You might recall the `:` syntax from [the `From` trait](../04_traits/09_from.md#supertrait--subtrait)—it's used to specify **supertraits**.
 For `Error`, there are two supertraits: `Debug` and `Display`. If a type wants to implement `Error`, it must also
 implement `Debug` and `Display`.
 

book/src/05_ticket_v2/10_packages.md

@@ -46,18 +46,3 @@ You can override these defaults by explicitly declaring your targets in the `Car
 [`cargo`'s documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#cargo-targets) for more details.
 
 Keep in mind that while a package can contain multiple crates, it can only contain one library crate.
-
-## Scaffolding a new package
-
-You can use `cargo` to scaffold a new package:
-
-```bash
-cargo new my-binary
-```
-
-This will create a new folder, `my-binary`, containing a new Rust package with the same name and a single
-binary crate inside. If you want to create a library crate instead, you can use the `--lib` flag:
-
-```bash
-cargo new my-library --lib
-```

book/src/06_ticket_management/00_intro.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ store and retrieve tickets.
 The task will give us an opportunity to explore new Rust concepts, such as:
 
 - Stack-allocated arrays
-- `Vec`, a growable array type, and slices
+- `Vec`, a growable array type
 - `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, for iterating over collections
 - Slices (`&[T]`), to work with parts of a collection
 - Lifetimes, to describe how long references are valid

book/src/06_ticket_management/07_combinators.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Combinators
 
 Iterators can do so much more than `for` loops!\
-If you look at the documentation for the `Iterator` trait, you'll find a **vast** collections of
+If you look at the documentation for the `Iterator` trait, you'll find a **vast** collection of
 methods that you can leverage to transform, filter, and combine iterators in various ways.
 
 Let's mention the most common ones:

book/src/07_threads/01_threads.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ and why we might want to use them.
 ## What is a thread?
 
 A **thread** is an execution context managed by the underlying operating system.\
-Each thread has its own stack, instruction pointer, and program counter.
+Each thread has its own stack and instruction pointer.
 
 A single **process** can manage multiple threads.
 These threads share the same memory space, which means they can access the same data.

book/src/07_threads/02_static.md

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ error[E0597]: `v` does not live long enough
 ...
 15 |     let right = &v[split_point..];
    |                  ^ borrowed value does not live long enough
-16 |     let left_handle = thread::spawn(move || left.iter().sum::<i32>());
+16 |     let left_handle = spawn(move || left.iter().sum::<i32>());
-   |                        ------------------------------------------------ 
+   |                             -------------------------------- 
-                          argument requires that `v` is borrowed for `'static`
+                     argument requires that `v` is borrowed for `'static`
 19 | }
    |  - `v` dropped here while still borrowed
 ```

book/src/07_threads/03_leak.md

@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ run out and crash with an out-of-memory error.
 fn oom_trigger() {
     loop {
         let v: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
-        Box::leak(v);
+        v.leak();
     }
 }
 ```
 
-At the same time, memory leaked via `Box::leak` is not truly forgotten.\
+At the same time, memory leaked via `leak` method is not truly forgotten.\
 The operating system can map each memory region to the process responsible for it.
 When the process exits, the operating system will reclaim that memory.
 

book/src/07_threads/09_bounded.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 So far we've been using unbounded channels.\
 You can send as many messages as you want, and the channel will grow to accommodate them.\
 In a multi-producer single-consumer scenario, this can be problematic: if the producers
-enqueues messages at a faster rate than the consumer can process them, the channel will
+enqueue messages at a faster rate than the consumer can process them, the channel will
 keep growing, potentially consuming all available memory.
 
 Our recommendation is to **never** use an unbounded channel in a production system.\

book/src/07_threads/10_patch.md

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ In the non-threaded version of the system, updates were fairly straightforward:
 
 ## Multithreaded updates
 
-The same strategy won't work in the current multi-threaded version,
+The same strategy won't work in the current multithreaded version. The borrow checker would
-because the mutable reference would have to be sent over a channel. The borrow checker would
+stop us: `SyncSender<&mut Ticket>` isn't `'static` because `&mut Ticket` doesn't satisfy the `'static` lifetime, therefore
-stop us, because `&mut Ticket` doesn't satisfy the `'static` lifetime requirement of `SyncSender::send`.
+they can't be captured by the closure that gets passed to `std::thread::spawn`.
 
 There are a few ways to work around this limitation. We'll explore a few of them in the following exercises.
 

book/src/07_threads/11_locks.md

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn main() {
     let guard = lock.lock().unwrap();
 
     spawn(move || {
-        receiver.recv().unwrap();;
+        receiver.recv().unwrap();
     });
 
     // Try to send the guard over the channel
@@ -111,19 +111,23 @@ fn main() {
 The compiler is not happy with this code:
 
 ```text
-error[E0277]: `MutexGuard<'_, i32>` cannot be sent between threads safely
+error[E0277]: `MutexGuard<'_, i32>` cannot be sent between 
+              threads safely
    --> src/main.rs:10:7
     |
 10  |   spawn(move || {
     |  _-----_^
     | | |
     | | required by a bound introduced by this call
-11  | |     receiver.recv().unwrap();;
+11  | |     receiver.recv().unwrap();
 12  | | });
     | |_^ `MutexGuard<'_, i32>` cannot be sent between threads safely
     |
-    = help: the trait `Send` is not implemented for `MutexGuard<'_, i32>`, which is required by `{closure@src/main.rs:10:7: 10:14}: Send`
+    = help: the trait `Send` is not implemented for 
-    = note: required for `std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<MutexGuard<'_, i32>>` to implement `Send`
+            `MutexGuard<'_, i32>`, which is required by 
+            `{closure@src/main.rs:10:7: 10:14}: Send`
+    = note: required for `Receiver<MutexGuard<'_, i32>>` 
+            to implement `Send`
 note: required because it's used within this closure
 ```
 

book/src/08_futures/01_async_fn.md

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ asynchronous programming in Rust.
 The entrypoint of your executable, the `main` function, must be a synchronous function.
 That's where you're supposed to set up and launch your chosen async runtime.
 
-Most runtimes provides a macro to make this easier. For `tokio`, it's `tokio::main`:
+Most runtimes provide a macro to make this easier. For `tokio`, it's `tokio::main`:
 
 ```rust
 #[tokio::main]

book/src/08_futures/02_spawn.md

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub async fn work() {
 
 ### `std::thread::spawn` vs `tokio::spawn`
 
-You can think of `tokio::spawn` as the asynchronous sibling of `std::spawn::thread`.
+You can think of `tokio::spawn` as the asynchronous sibling of `std::thread::spawn`.
 
 Notice a key difference: with `std::thread::spawn`, you're delegating control to the OS scheduler.
 You're not in control of how threads are scheduled.

book/src/08_futures/03_runtime.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ across threads.
 ## Implications
 
 `tokio::spawn` is flavor-agnostic: it'll work no matter if you're running on the multithreaded
-or current-thread runtime. The downside is that the signature assume the worst case
+or current-thread runtime. The downside is that the signature assumes the worst case
 (i.e. multithreaded) and is constrained accordingly:
 
 ```rust

book/src/08_futures/04_future.md

@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ The compiler will reject this code:
 error: future cannot be sent between threads safely
     |
 5   |     tokio::spawn(example());
-    |                  ^^^^^^^^^ future returned by `example` is not `Send`
+    |                  ^^^^^^^^^ 
+    | future returned by `example` is not `Send`
     |
 note: future is not `Send` as this value is used across an await
     |
@@ -55,7 +56,8 @@ note: future is not `Send` as this value is used across an await
     |         -------- has type `Rc<i32>` which is not `Send`
 12  |     // A `.await` point
 13  |     yield_now().await;
-    |                 ^^^^^ await occurs here, with `non_send` maybe used later
+    |                 ^^^^^ 
+    |   await occurs here, with `non_send` maybe used later
 note: required by a bound in `tokio::spawn`
     |
 164 |     pub fn spawn<F>(future: F) -> JoinHandle<F::Output>
@@ -84,7 +86,10 @@ trait Future {
     type Output;
     
     // Ignore `Pin` and `Context` for now
-    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
+    fn poll(
+      self: Pin<&mut Self>, 
+      cx: &mut Context<'_>
+    ) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
 }
 ```
 

book/src/08_futures/06_async_aware_primitives.md

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Yields to runtime
              Tries to acquire lock
 ```
 
-We have a deadlock. Task B we'll never manage to acquire the lock, because the lock
+We have a deadlock. Task B will never manage to acquire the lock, because the lock
 is currently held by task A, which has yielded to the runtime before releasing the
 lock and won't be scheduled again because the runtime cannot preempt task B.
 

book/src/08_futures/07_cancellation.md

@@ -105,5 +105,5 @@ async fn run() {
   Check out [`select!`'s documentation](https://tokio.rs/tokio/tutorial/select) for more details.\
   If you need to interleave two asynchronous streams of data (e.g. a socket and a channel), prefer using
   [`StreamExt::merge`](https://docs.rs/tokio-stream/latest/tokio_stream/trait.StreamExt.html#method.merge) instead.
-- Rather than "abrupt" cancellation, it can be preferable to rely
+- A [`CancellationToken`](https://docs.rs/tokio-util/latest/tokio_util/sync/struct.CancellationToken.html) may be
-  on [`CancellationToken`](https://docs.rs/tokio-util/latest/tokio_util/sync/struct.CancellationToken.html).
+  preferable to `JoinHandle::abort` in some cases.

book/src/going_further.md

@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ check out the [Embedded Rust book](https://docs.rust-embedded.org/book/).
 
 You can then find resources on key topics that cut across domains.\
 For testing, check out
-["Advanced testing, going beyond the basics"](https://github.com/mainmatter/rust-advanced-testing-workshop).\
+["Advanced testing, going beyond the basics"](https://rust-exercises.com/advanced-testing/).\
-For telemetry, check out ["You can't fix what you can't see"](https://github.com/mainmatter/rust-telemetry-workshop).
+For telemetry, check out ["You can't fix what you can't see"](https://rust-exercises.com/telemetry/).

exercises/02_basic_calculator/04_panics/src/lib.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ mod tests {
     // 👇 With the `#[should_panic]` annotation we can assert that we expect the code
     //    under test to panic. We can also check the panic message by using `expected`.
     //    This is all part of Rust's built-in test framework!
-    #[should_panic(expected = "The journey took no time at all, that's impossible!")]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "The journey took no time at all. That's impossible!")]
     fn by_zero() {
         speed(0, 10, 0);
     }

exercises/02_basic_calculator/10_as_casting/src/lib.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // You could solve this by using exactly the same expression as above,
         // but that would defeat the purpose of the exercise. Instead, use a genuine
-        // `i8` value that is equivalent to `255` when converted from `u8`.
+        // `i8` value that is equivalent to `255` when converted to `u8`.
         let y: i8 = todo!();
 
         assert_eq!(x, y);

exercises/03_ticket_v1/02_validation/src/lib.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ impl Ticket {
     //   - the `title` should be at most 50 bytes long.
     //   - the `description` should be at most 500 bytes long.
     //  The method should panic if any of the requirements are not met.
+    //  You can find the needed panic messages in the tests.
     //
     // You'll have to use what you learned in the previous exercises,
     // as well as some `String` methods. Use the documentation of Rust's standard library

exercises/03_ticket_v1/04_visibility/src/lib.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // You should be seeing this error when trying to run this exercise:
         //
-        // error[E0616]: field `description` of struct `encapsulation::ticket::Ticket` is private
+        // error[E0616]: field `description` of struct `Ticket` is private
         //    |
         //    |              assert_eq!(ticket.description, "A description");
         //    |                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

exercises/03_ticket_v1/09_heap/src/lib.rs

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ mod tests {
         // This is a tricky question!
         // The "intuitive" answer happens to be the correct answer this time,
         // but, in general, the memory layout of structs is a more complex topic.
-        // If you're curious, check out the "Data layout" section of the Rustonomicon
+        // If you're curious, check out the "Type layout" section of The Rust Reference
-        // https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/data.html for more information.
+        // https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html for more information.
         assert_eq!(size_of::<Ticket>(), todo!());
     }
 }

exercises/04_traits/14_outro/tests/integration.rs

@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ fn test_saturating_u16() {
     let b: SaturatingU16 = 5u8.into();
     let c: SaturatingU16 = u16::MAX.into();
     let d: SaturatingU16 = (&1u16).into();
+    let e = &c;
 
     assert_eq!(a + b, SaturatingU16::from(15u16));
     assert_eq!(a + c, SaturatingU16::from(u16::MAX));
     assert_eq!(a + d, SaturatingU16::from(11u16));
     assert_eq!(a + a, 20u16);
     assert_eq!(a + 5u16, 15u16);
-    assert_eq!(a + &u16::MAX, SaturatingU16::from(u16::MAX));
+    assert_eq!(a + e, SaturatingU16::from(u16::MAX));
 }

exercises/05_ticket_v2/15_outro/src/title.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // TODO: Implement `TryFrom<String>` and `TryFrom<&str>` for the `TicketTitle` type,
-//   enforcing that the title is not empty and is not longer than 50 characters.
+//   enforcing that the title is not empty and is not longer than 50 bytes.
 //   Implement the traits required to make the tests pass too.
 
 pub struct TicketTitle(String);

exercises/06_ticket_management/02_vec/src/lib.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn thirthieth() {
+    fn thirtieth() {
         assert_eq!(fibonacci(30), 832040);
     }
 }

exercises/06_ticket_management/11_mutable_slices/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-// TODO: Define a function named `lowercase` that converts all characters in a string to lowercase,
+// TODO: Define a function named `squared` that raises all `i32`s within a slice to the power of 2.
-//  modifying the input in place.
+//  The slice should be modified in place.
-//  Does it need to take a `&mut String`? Does a `&mut [str]` work? Why or why not?
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
@@ -8,29 +7,22 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn empty() {
-        let mut s = String::from("");
+        let mut s = vec![];
-        lowercase(&mut s);
+        squared(&mut s);
-        assert_eq!(s, "");
+        assert_eq!(s, vec![]);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn one_char() {
+    fn one() {
-        let mut s = String::from("A");
+        let mut s = [2];
-        lowercase(&mut s);
+        squared(&mut s);
-        assert_eq!(s, "a");
+        assert_eq!(s, [4]);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn multiple_chars() {
+    fn multiple() {
-        let mut s = String::from("Hello, World!");
+        let mut s = vec![2, 4];
-        lowercase(&mut s);
+        squared(&mut s);
-        assert_eq!(s, "hello, world!");
+        assert_eq!(s, vec![4, 16]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn mut_slice() {
-        let mut s = "Hello, World!".to_string();
-        lowercase(s.as_mut_str());
-        assert_eq!(s, "hello, world!");
     }
 }

exercises/06_ticket_management/14_index_mut/src/lib.rs

@@ -99,5 +99,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         let ticket = &store[id];
         assert_eq!(ticket.status, Status::InProgress);
+
+        let ticket = &mut store[&id];
+        ticket.status = Status::Done;
+
+        let ticket = &store[id];
+        assert_eq!(ticket.status, Status::Done);
     }
 }

exercises/07_threads/05_channels/src/lib.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub enum Command {
     Insert(todo!()),
 }
 
-// Start the system by spawning the server the thread.
+// Start the system by spawning the server thread.
 // It returns a `Sender` instance which can then be used
 // by one or more clients to interact with the server.
 pub fn launch() -> Sender<Command> {

exercises/07_threads/08_client/src/lib.rs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ enum Command {
     },
 }
 
-pub fn server(receiver: Receiver<Command>) {
+fn server(receiver: Receiver<Command>) {
     let mut store = TicketStore::new();
     loop {
         match receiver.recv() {

exercises/08_futures/03_runtime/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // TODO: Implement the `fixed_reply` function. It should accept two `TcpListener` instances,
-//  accept connections on both of them concurrently, and always reply clients by sending
+//  accept connections on both of them concurrently, and always reply to clients by sending
 //  the `Display` representation of the `reply` argument as a response.
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;

helpers/json2redirects.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Ensure the JSON file is provided as an argument
+if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
+  echo "Usage: $0 <input_json_file>"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+input_file=$1
+
+# Use jq to parse the JSON and format the output
+jq -r 'to_entries[] | "/" + .value + " " + .key' "$input_file"

helpers/mdbook-exercise-linker/src/lib.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use mdbook::book::Book;
 use mdbook::preprocess::{Preprocessor, PreprocessorContext};
 use mdbook::BookItem;
 
-/// A no-op preprocessor.
 pub struct ExerciseLinker;
 
 impl ExerciseLinker {
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ impl Preprocessor for ExerciseLinker {
 
         book.sections
             .iter_mut()
-            .for_each(|i| process_book_item(i, &root_url));
+            .for_each(|i| process_book_item(i, &ctx.renderer, &root_url));
         Ok(book)
     }
 
@@ -42,11 +41,11 @@ impl Preprocessor for ExerciseLinker {
     }
 }
 
-fn process_book_item(item: &mut BookItem, root_url: &str) {
+fn process_book_item(item: &mut BookItem, renderer: &str, root_url: &str) {
     match item {
         BookItem::Chapter(chapter) => {
             chapter.sub_items.iter_mut().for_each(|item| {
-                process_book_item(item, root_url);
+                process_book_item(item, renderer, root_url);
             });
 
             let Some(source_path) = &chapter.source_path else {
@@ -61,10 +60,14 @@ fn process_book_item(item: &mut BookItem, root_url: &str) {
 
             let exercise_path = source_path.strip_suffix(".md").unwrap();
             let link_section = format!(
-                    "\n## Exercise\n\nThe exercise for this section is located in [`{exercise_path}`]({})",
+                    "\n## Exercise\n\nThe exercise for this section is located in [`{exercise_path}`]({})\n",
                     format!("{}/{}", root_url, exercise_path)
                 );
             chapter.content.push_str(&link_section);
+
+            if renderer == "pandoc" {
+                chapter.content.push_str("`\\newpage`{=latex}\n");
+            }
         }
         BookItem::Separator => {}
         BookItem::PartTitle(_) => {}

helpers/mdbook-link-shortener/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "mdbook-link-shortener"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.86"
+bimap = { version = "0.6.3", features = ["serde"] }
+clap = { version = "4.5.4", features = ["derive"] }
+itertools = "0.13.0"
+mdbook = "0.4.40"
+pulldown-cmark = "0.11.0"
+pulldown-cmark-to-cmark = "15"
+semver = "1.0.23"
+serde_json = "1.0.117"

helpers/mdbook-link-shortener/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+use anyhow::{Context, Error};
+use bimap::BiHashMap;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use mdbook::book::{Book, Chapter};
+use mdbook::preprocess::{Preprocessor, PreprocessorContext};
+use mdbook::BookItem;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+pub struct LinkShortener;
+
+struct AliasGenerator {
+    cursors: [usize; 3],
+}
+
+impl AliasGenerator {
+    const ALPHABET: &'static [u8] = b"f2z4x6v8bnm3q5w7e9rtyuplkshgjdca";
+
+    fn new() -> AliasGenerator {
+        AliasGenerator { cursors: [0, 0, 0] }
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a 4 alphanumeric long alias, starting from "aaaa" and incrementing by one each time
+    /// until "9999", using only lowercase letters and numbers.
+    /// We skip ambiguous characters like "0", "o", "1", "l".
+    fn next(&mut self) -> String {
+        let mut alias = String::with_capacity(4);
+        for cursor in &mut self.cursors {
+            alias.push(Self::ALPHABET[*cursor] as char);
+        }
+
+        for cursor in self.cursors.iter_mut().rev() {
+            if *cursor == Self::ALPHABET.len() - 1 {
+                *cursor = 0;
+            } else {
+                *cursor += 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        alias
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a unique alias that is not already used by the `link2alias` map.
+    fn next_until_unique(&mut self, link2alias: &BiHashMap<String, String>) -> String {
+        let mut alias = self.next();
+        while link2alias.contains_right(&alias) {
+            alias = self.next();
+        }
+        alias
+    }
+}
+
+impl LinkShortener {
+    pub fn new() -> LinkShortener {
+        LinkShortener
+    }
+}
+
+impl Preprocessor for LinkShortener {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "link-shortener"
+    }
+
+    fn run(&self, ctx: &PreprocessorContext, mut book: Book) -> Result<Book, Error> {
+        let config = ctx
+            .config
+            .get_preprocessor(self.name())
+            .context("Failed to get preprocessor configuration")?;
+        let root_url = {
+            let root_url = config.get("base_url").context("Failed to get `base_url`")?;
+            root_url
+                .as_str()
+                .context("`base_url` is not a string")?
+                .to_owned()
+        };
+        let mapping = {
+            let mapping = config.get("mapping").context("Failed to get `mapping`")?;
+            let mapping = mapping
+                .as_str()
+                .context("`mapping` is not a string")?
+                .to_owned();
+            PathBuf::from_str(&mapping).context("Failed to parse `mapping` as a path")?
+        };
+        let mut link2alias = {
+            match File::open(&mapping) {
+                Ok(file) => {
+                    serde_json::from_reader(file).context("Failed to parse existing mapping")?
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
+                        BiHashMap::new()
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(e).context("Failed to open existing mapping");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let verify = config
+            .get("verify")
+            .context("Failed to get `verify`")?
+            .as_bool()
+            .context("`verify` is not a boolean")?;
+        // Env var overrides config
+        let verify = std::env::var("LINK_SHORTENER_VERIFY")
+            .map(|v| v == "true")
+            .unwrap_or(verify);
+
+        let mut alias_gen = AliasGenerator::new();
+
+        book.sections.iter_mut().for_each(|i| {
+            if let BookItem::Chapter(c) = i {
+                c.content = replace_anchors(c, &root_url, &mut alias_gen, &mut link2alias, verify)
+                    .expect("Error converting links for chapter");
+                for i in c.sub_items.iter_mut() {
+                    if let BookItem::Chapter(sub_chapter) = i {
+                        sub_chapter.content = replace_anchors(
+                            sub_chapter,
+                            &root_url,
+                            &mut alias_gen,
+                            &mut link2alias,
+                            verify,
+                        )
+                        .expect("Error converting links for subchapter");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        if !verify {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(mapping.parent().expect("Mapping file path has no parent"))?;
+            let mut file = File::create(&mapping).context("Failed to upsert mapping file")?;
+            let ordered = link2alias.iter().collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
+            serde_json::to_writer_pretty(&mut file, &ordered)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(book)
+    }
+
+    fn supports_renderer(&self, _renderer: &str) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+fn replace_anchors(
+    chapter: &mut Chapter,
+    root_url: &str,
+    alias_gen: &mut AliasGenerator,
+    link2alias: &mut BiHashMap<String, String>,
+    verify: bool,
+) -> Result<String, anyhow::Error> {
+    use pulldown_cmark::{CowStr, Event, LinkType, Options, Parser, Tag};
+    use pulldown_cmark_to_cmark::cmark;
+
+    let mut buf = String::with_capacity(chapter.content.len());
+
+    let mut unshortened_links = BTreeSet::new();
+    let events = Parser::new_ext(&chapter.content, Options::all())
+        .map(|e| {
+            let Event::Start(Tag::Link {
+                link_type,
+                dest_url,
+                title,
+                id,
+            }) = &e
+            else {
+                return e;
+            };
+
+            match link_type {
+                LinkType::Autolink
+                | LinkType::Shortcut
+                | LinkType::Inline
+                | LinkType::Reference
+                | LinkType::Collapsed => {
+                    if dest_url.starts_with("http") {
+                        let alias = if let Some(alias) = link2alias.get_by_left(dest_url.as_ref()) {
+                            alias.to_owned()
+                        } else {
+                            if verify {
+                                unshortened_links.insert(dest_url.to_string());
+                                return e;
+                            }
+                            let alias = alias_gen.next_until_unique(&link2alias);
+                            alias
+                        };
+                        link2alias.insert(dest_url.to_string(), alias.clone());
+
+                        Event::Start(Tag::Link {
+                            link_type: link_type.to_owned(),
+                            dest_url: CowStr::from(format!(
+                                "{root_url}/{alias}",
+                                root_url = root_url,
+                                alias = alias
+                            )),
+                            title: title.clone(),
+                            id: id.clone(),
+                        })
+                    } else {
+                        e
+                    }
+                }
+                LinkType::Email
+                | LinkType::ReferenceUnknown
+                | LinkType::CollapsedUnknown
+                | LinkType::ShortcutUnknown => e,
+            }
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+
+    if verify && !unshortened_links.is_empty() {
+        let unshortened_links = unshortened_links.iter().join(", ");
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "The following links are not shortened: {unshortened_links}\nRun again with `LINK_SHORTENER_VERIFY=false` to update the mapping \
+            with the shortened links."
+        ));
+    }
+
+    cmark(events.into_iter(), &mut buf)
+        .map(|_| buf)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("Markdown serialization failed: {err}"))
+}

helpers/mdbook-link-shortener/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+use mdbook::errors::Error;
+use mdbook::preprocess::{CmdPreprocessor, Preprocessor};
+use mdbook_link_shortener::LinkShortener;
+use semver::{Version, VersionReq};
+use std::io;
+use std::process;
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(version, about)]
+pub struct Cli {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    sub: Option<SubCommand>,
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser, Debug)]
+pub enum SubCommand {
+    #[clap(name = "supports")]
+    Supports(Supports),
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser, Debug)]
+pub struct Supports {
+    #[arg(long)]
+    renderer: String,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    let preprocessor = LinkShortener::new();
+
+    if let Some(SubCommand::Supports(Supports { renderer })) = cli.sub {
+        let code = if preprocessor.supports_renderer(&renderer) {
+            0
+        } else {
+            1
+        };
+        process::exit(code);
+    }
+
+    handle_preprocessing(&preprocessor)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn handle_preprocessing(pre: &dyn Preprocessor) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let (ctx, book) = CmdPreprocessor::parse_input(io::stdin())?;
+
+    let book_version = Version::parse(&ctx.mdbook_version)?;
+    let version_req = VersionReq::parse(mdbook::MDBOOK_VERSION)?;
+
+    if !version_req.matches(&book_version) {
+        eprintln!(
+            "Warning: The {} plugin was built against version {} of mdbook, \
+             but we're being called from version {}",
+            pre.name(),
+            mdbook::MDBOOK_VERSION,
+            ctx.mdbook_version
+        );
+    }
+
+    let processed_book = pre.run(&ctx, book)?;
+    serde_json::to_writer(io::stdout(), &processed_book)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

site/_redirects

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/f2u https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/05/28/cheri-abi/
+/f4q https://crates.io
+/f2n https://crates.io/crates/cargo-modules
+/ffr https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-02-data-types.html#integer-types
+/f6t https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/title-page.html
+/f4m https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#cargo-targets
+/ffc https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html
+/f45 https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-dependencies.html
+/f6u https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/
+/f2z https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#numeric-cast
+/fzf https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/implementations.html#trait-implementation-coherence
+/f4c https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/lifetime-elision.html
+/fxy https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html
+/fzm https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/index.html
+/fzz https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.PartialEq.html
+/fzb https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.PartialOrd.html
+/fzp https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html#implementors
+/fzl https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html#implementors
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+/ffe https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.i32.html#associatedconstant.MAX
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+/f6z https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/task/struct.JoinError.html
+/f6k https://docs.rust-embedded.org/book/
+/f2h https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_pointer
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